By Ryan Leasure

We’re told by skeptics that eye-witnesses didn’t write the Gospels. Not only that, they say the authors wrote from distant lands like Rome, Egypt, Asia Minor, or Greece. They merely heard the stories of Jesus from others who heard the stories of Jesus from others who heard the stories of Jesus — much like the game telephone.

And as so often happens in the game of telephone, the stories got mixed up along the way. So by the time the writers penned the Gospels, they had a distorted view of Jesus, and thus we can’t know what the real Jesus said or did. Or so the argument goes.

But is that really what happened? A little thought experiment might help us answer this question. Pretend you were given the task of writing a biography on a traveling woman from Bolivia named Carla. Yet you weren’t allowed to visit Bolivia. Furthermore, you couldn’t use the internet, encyclopedias, or maps for research. Your resources would be a couple of Americans who had never met Carla themselves but had heard stories about her travels.

As you undertake this project, how accurately do you think you could convey the geography and landscape of her travels? Would you really be able to give precise locations and distances? Would you know which towns had higher or lower elevations? How accurately could you describe the bodies of water she encountered? Chances are, you’d make a lot of mistakes with these details.

Well, as we think about these so-called authors from distant lands, they wouldn’t have had access to sources that could give them specific details of the Israeli landscape. So as they wrote their stories about Jesus, we would expect them to make lots of geographic blunders, much like your story on Carla. But this isn’t what we find.

Geography of Towns and Regions

The Gospel writers display an incredible familiarity with Palestinian geography. And they don’t just get most of the geography right; they get it all right. This would be truly remarkable if they lived in faraway regions and had only heard of Jesus through secondary sources. But it would be expected for eye-witnesses who followed Jesus from town to town.

Consider this list of towns the Gospel writers mention:1

Ryan blog 1

In total, the Gospel authors list twenty-six different towns. Some are prominent like Jerusalem, while others are obscure like Cana.

Not only do the Gospels include towns, they reference general regions as well. Consider this list:2

Ryan blog 2

In total, the Gospels list thirteen different regions. Compare these lists with some of the apocryphal Gospels, which give us almost no geographical details.

The Gospel of Thomas, for example, mentions Judaea once and no other locations. The Gospel of Judas doesn’t even list a single location, and The Gospel of Philip names just Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Jordan.

Of course, the lack of geographical detail is to be expected in these apocryphal works. After all, non-eye-witnesses wrote them from distant regions some 150 years after Jesus. Naturally, people would have heard of Jerusalem (the capital of Israel), Nazareth (Jesus’ hometown), and Jordan (the river where Jesus was baptized). One wouldn’t need to be an eye-witness to have knowledge of these regions. But Cana, Bethany, and Salim? One would have to have special knowledge to know about these places.

Geography of Bodies of Water

Since the writers had an in-depth knowledge of the towns and regions, it should come as no surprise to learn they also knew about the bodies of water. Consider this list:3

Ryan blog 3

It’s interesting to note the numerous references to “the Sea” of Galilee. For a body of water that’s a mere thirteen miles long, it’s odd that an Egyptian or Roman author would call it “the sea.” For them, the Mediterranean qualifies as a sea, not this tiny body of water that’s less than 1/300th the size of Lake Michigan.

Yet we would expect Galilean fishermen — who spent their entire careers on the body of water — to call it “the sea.” What’s even more interesting is that while the three Jewish authors of the Gospels refer to it as “the sea,” the one non-Jewish author (Luke) does not. Instead, he refers to it as “the lake” (Lk. 5:1, 2; 8:22, 23, 33). This makes sense because from a broader gentile perspective, “lake” was a more accurate description.

The authors also know that Bethsaida and Capernaum are close by the Sea of Galilee and that you can go directly from the Sea of Galilee into the hill country. Furthermore, John knew of a small stream called the Kidron and of two pools in Jerusalem. One pool he describes as having five colonnades, which has been verified by archeological evidence. Again, all of these details would be quite remarkable coming from non-eye-witnesses in distant regions.

Geography of Roads

In the parable of the Good Samaritan, Jesus tells the story of a man “going down” from Jerusalem (750 meters above sea level) to Jericho (250 meters below sea level). This was a descent of approximately one kilometer. The writer knew enough to know both Jerusalem and Jericho’s elevations. In fact, all four Gospels describe people “going up” to Jerusalem and “going down” as they left Jerusalem.

In John 2 and 4, leaving Cana (200 meters above sea level) for Capernaum (200 meters below sea level) is described as “going down.” Similarly, Luke describes the travel from Nazareth (350 meters above sea level) to Capernaum (200 meters below sea level) as “going down.”

More impressively, the authors knew the location of a tiny village called Chorazin. In Luke 10:13-15, Jesus chides Chorazin along with Bethsaida and Capernaum for their lack of belief. According to New Testament scholar Peter Williams,

The little-known village of Chorazin is, in fact, on the road to Bethsaida and just a couple of miles north of Capernaum. As far as we know, there was not a single literary source that could have provided this information to a Gospel author.4

The authors also knew that multiple routes existed between Judaea and Galilee — one to avoid Samaria and one right through it. Furthermore, they knew it was short travel from the small villages of Bethany and Bethphage to Jerusalem.

Who Could Know All These Geographical Details?

How could one get all of these obscure details correct? If it’s as the skeptics say, and non-eye-witnesses wrote these accounts from distant places, they got extremely lucky. A more reasonable conclusion, however, is that the writers received detailed information from eye-witnesses or were eye-witnesses themselves. As Peter Williams concludes,

No known sources hold together the particular set of information they (Gospel writers) have, and besides, we would have to suppose that they undertook a level of literary research quite unparalleled in ancient history. If these pieces of information result from hearing, then the reports they heard must have been fairly precise — concerned with stories not merely for their message but also for specific details. Thus it seems that the authors received the information either from their experience or from detailed hearing.5

*For more on this topic, check out Peter Williams’ book Can We Trust the Gospels?

Recommended resources related to the topic:

The New Testament: Too Embarrassing to Be False by Frank Turek (DVD, Mp3, and Mp4)

Why We Know the New Testament Writers Told the Truth by Frank Turek (DVD, Mp3 and Mp4)

The Top Ten Reasons We Know the NT Writers Told the Truth by Frank Turek (Mp3)

Counter Culture Christian: Is the Bible True? by Frank Turek (DVD)

Cold-Case Christianity: A Homicide Detective Investigates the Claims of the Gospels by J. Warner Wallace (Book)

 


Ryan Leasure holds a Master of Arts from Furman University and a Masters of Divinity from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He currently serves as a pastor at Grace Bible Church in Moore, SC.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/31MPuzV

By David L. Rogers

Part I: A Book, an Illustration of Governments.

Part II: The Christian and the World.

  1. God and the three institutions:

Founded on the belief that the Bible possesses total authority as the Word of God, being inspired by His Holy Spirit, it is important to recognize that He has established three institutions, which are absolutely crucial to the proper operation of man’s life and society. It is like the illustration at the beginning of this study: the binding of a book that binds together all the loose pages, and thus forms a cohesive whole. The three institutions are:

  1. The Family –it is a “cornerstone” for society, which is to reflect the order of the Godhead (see I Corinthians 11:3 compared with Ephesians 5:21-32, and also Genesis 1:26-28). Through the family, God established the function of personal and individual order.   The family is responsible for passing on to children the standards of life that God the Master Designer instilled in man by his conscience and morality. Later, God established another institution.
  2. Government is a cornerstone which performs another function , a function which is clearly NOT IN THE HANDS OF THE FAMILY TO PERFORM, and that is to maintain order, protect the citizen, and punish the lawbreaker (in Genesis 9:5-7; Romans 13:1-7). Through government, God sets the standard of man’s responsibility toward his fellow man.
  3. The Church — this last institution was established by God in a very different way than government and the family. In this case, He Himself formed it through the price paid by the shed blood of His own Son, Jesus Christ. This institution deals with an entirely different area, as well, than the other two. Its function is to share order in the spiritual and personal realm, in the context of a living body empowered by the same Holy Spirit.  (Matthew 16:15-18; Acts 2; Hebrews 8:6-13)

So, these three institutions, designed and forged by the Lord Himself, each serve a different purpose and function that is interrelated, but NOT necessarily dependent or subject to the other.  In a sense, each institution that God formed was built on the weakness of the institution that preceded it.   Furthermore, there is also a very important distinction between each of these three institutions. It is knowing where to distinguish and how to separate each one that is difficult for the believer in Christ. This is the challenge that now confronts us.

There are basically four perspectives on the TWO KINGDOMS concept throughout the history of Christianity . The arrows indicate authority and power over the respective groups of people indicated. The line also indicates an established hierarchy based on the source of their authority.

      1. The Roman Catholic Concept:

Pope Boniface VIII, in 1302, declared the following pattern:

The participation of the believer in politics 1

     2. The Anabaptist Concept: (17th Century)

The participation of the believer in politics 2

     3. The Calvin Concept:

    The participation of the believer in politics 3

     4. The Lutheran Concept:

The participation of the believer in politics 4

     5. An Evangelical Model for Today:

    The participation of the believer in politics 5

The traditional models of government from the Middle Ages onward have their modern adherents in various parts of the world. Only in some cases there are those who take the place of God, believing themselves to be the ultimate national and final authority when they try to force everyone to abide by their “inspired” precepts. The first of these, the Roman Catholic concept, is distinguished by the idea that God does not control the world of the state except through the church, and therefore the church is “in charge” of the world of the unsaved, with or without its blessing. This model represents a unilateral and exclusive authority over all human beings.

The Anabaptist model, founded primarily on Colossians 1:12-13, separates the world and society into two large groups: the group of those who are “of the kingdom of darkness” and the kingdom of the glorious Son of God. The two kingdoms cannot, and should not, intermingle. Historically, and in practice, this has been the position of Pentecostals and ultraconservatives in democratic countries.

The model of John Calvin is particularly strict in that its vital sign is related to the direction of human government by the church, since the Church represents divine interests, and the state fulfills its desires and designs. This model places in the hands of ecclesiastical authorities the ultimate responsibility for ensuring the good of society, just as the church of Christ does.

Martin Luther had a thought that advocated more distance between church and state, but not in a categorical way, since God reigns over both. This model operates within a “secular” state and a Church “separated” from the state. There can be collaboration between the two, but not an obligation or a demand from one to the other. Historically, this model was the one that was most adapted by the founders of the democratic experiment in the United States originally.

Finally, this author’s model is called “an evangelical model for today” in reference to three realities. First, it does not ignore and, indeed, highlights the sovereignty of God over both church and state, regardless of whether it is a democratic state or not. God “sets up kings and removes kings” (Daniel 2:21) in all the nations of this world. Second, of particular importance is the belief that the local or national church is not the entity that God uses to direct or restrain the state. The church exists for the edification of the believer, the evangelization of the unsaved, and the exaltation of the Lord of lords, Jesus Christ Himself. The state does not operate around these ends. And, third, this is a model that promotes the believer’s responsibility to serve other people as an instrument of justice in a wicked world through positive, proactive, and holy interaction and influence through politics and community, state, federal, and military efforts.

Related Texts : Titus 3:1; 1 Tim. 2:1-2; Romans 13:1-7; 1 Peter 2:11-17. The last chart differs from the preceding ones in the emphasis given to the believer’s duty to exercise a godly, God-fearing influence over human institutions. Being a part of the Kingdom of Heaven does not excuse the believer from the privilege (or duty) of being a citizen of a particular nation or country. In the words of the famous ancient author: “A good man must do nothing and wickedness will reign.”

How it applies to modern politics:

Being a believer today has inherent and unavoidable risks. There has always been a degree of danger. Danger, however, is no justified cause for avoiding the field of politics as a way for believers to exert a positive influence on society. Being a citizen of heaven does not take away from the duty of being a moral and upright representative of heaven on earth. The Scriptures bear this out, and so does history!

Second, we recognize that the Bible never excuses a believer from giving testimony of his faith even in high places of government. Examples mentioned in the Old Testament support this truth. Joshua rescued the nation of Egypt from the sad situation of a famine. Daniel led the most powerful king of the Eastern world to prepare for inevitable changes. Nehemiah was God’s instrument first in the court of an Asian king followed by the most outstanding reconstruction work in ancient history! Each of them had a crucial voice and example in God’s plan for the nations. Today, too, God places men and women in strategic places to give testimony of Him in “pagan” and secularized governments.

Finally, it is through the way of forming an influence in politics that many more will come to know God. We must not think that the primary work of the church is to save society or the reigning power. But it is a secondary necessity to pray for the authorities (1 Timothy 2:1-3) and also to collaborate with them in the government of the country by offering them the light of the Gospel. While it is true, the dishonesty and corruption so prevalent in the political world today is not far from the same sad conditions of financial banking, medicine, education, production and industry or any other work field. With a firm focus on the sovereign God, the Christian today can glorify Christ through a good academic and professional preparation and thus serve his people or nation. When God works through him or her, in the political field many will see that following Christ opens doors for them in every career and every aspect of life.

Avoiding the political world only leaves you to your own blind human deliberations, which will eventually end up closing off opportunities to serve God by glorifying Him in the world of politics. For this reason, we go toward a holy influence in an area where power and money corrupt, but doing so with the conviction that God is greater than kings, and that even there He will provide us with the determination, intelligence, strength and clarity to see how to implement laws, regulations and projects that advocate for the sanctity of life and for the name of truth.

In conclusion, consider how Christ Himself intervened in and responded to the government of His day:

“In short, Jesus rejected the idea of ​​the state as an absolute, but neither did he wage war against it. To those who wished to make the state the absolute authority, he reminded them that they must render to God what is God’s. To those who wished to revolt against the state, he required that they render to Caesar what belonged to him. Jesus acted both as subject to the general authority of the state while living above it in fulfilling his mission and ministry. The teaching of Christ and the function of the state intersected at those points where Jesus’ moral teaching served to indict those in power, and at those points where he interacted with the politically and socially untouchables in order to meet their needs…” (Fienberg and Fienberg, 1993, p. 389).

The challenge facing a believer and follower of Christ is to live by the same pattern today.

Literature

Eidsmore, John, God and Caesar: Christian Faith and Political Action (Crossway Books, Westchester, 1984 ).

Feinberg, JS, & Feinberg, PD, Ethics for a Brave New World ( Westchester , IL: Crossway Books, 1993).

MacArthur, John, Think Bible-Wise, (Portavoz Publishing, Grand Rapids, 2004.)

Pearcy, Nancy R., Whole Truth: Freeing Christianity from its Bondage to Culture (YWAM Press, Tyler, Texas, 2014).

Sproul, R. C. Following Christ . (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1996.)

Whitehead, John W., An American Dream (Crossway Books, Westchester, 1987, Un Sueño Americano ).

 


David L. Rogers, a missionary and teacher in Chile for 35 years, is a graduate of Clarks Summit University, Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania (1980, BRE) and Moody Theological Seminary, Chicago (1997, M.A.). David and his wife of 39 years, Ruth Ann, and their four children have served in Santiago planting three churches, and founded a Chilean publishing house that for 14 years has published books, resources, and original studies in Spanish. His passion is training local leaders capable of guiding God’s work with love, humility, and spiritual skill. Apologetics is also a priority for David, and he is currently in his second year of a Masters of Arts in Apologetics program at Houston Baptist University. David and Ruth Ann have four precious grandchildren who live in the United States with their parents.

Alvin Plantinga desarrolló un argumento en contra del materialismo que puedes encontrar aquí. Pero si quieres una versión algo más fácil de digerir, puedes leer la versión de Craig aquí (solo inglés). Recomiendo leer ambos recursos para un mayor entendimiento del argumento en general de que la existencia de los estados intencionales (o la consciencia) son evidencia de que Dios existe.  Para los propósitos de este artículo, simplemente citaré la exposición de Craig sobre este argumento en el debate de Rosenberg:

Dios es la mejor explicación de los estados intencionales de conciencia en el mundo. Los filósofos están desconcertados por los estados de intencionalidad. La intencionalidad es la propiedad de ser sobre algo. Significa la atención hacia el objeto de nuestros pensamientos.

Por ejemplo, puedo pensar sobre mis vacaciones de verano o acerca de mi esposa. Ningún objeto físico tiene este tipo de intencionalidad. Una silla o una piedra o una bola de tejido muscular como el cerebro no atienden hacia alguna cosa. Solo los estados mentales o los estados de conciencia atienden a otras cosas. Como materialista, el Dr. Rosenberg reconoce eso y concluye que en el ateísmo realmente no hay estados intencionales.

El Dr. Rosenberg afirma audazmente que nunca pensamos realmente en nada. Pero esto parece increíble. Obviamente estoy pensando en el argumento del Dr. Rosenberg. Esto me parece una reducción al absurdo del ateísmo. Por el contrario, en el teísmo, porque Dios es una mente, no es sorprendente que haya mentes finitas. Así, los estados intencionales se ajustan cómodamente a una cosmovisión teísta.

Entonces podemos argumentar:

  1. Si Dios no existiera, los estados intencionales de conciencia no existirían.

  2. ¡Pero existen estados intencionales de consciencia!

  3. Por lo tanto, Dios existe.

Ahora, muchos detractores del argumento señalarán que se comete (entre otras) una falacia de petición de principio, ya que simplemente el argumento presupone la existencia de Dios. Pero como el Dr. Craig señala, ¡el Dr. Rosenberg cree que la premisa (1) del argumento es verdadera! Así que no parece una afirmación exclusiva del teísta que, en un mundo natural (sin ninguna clase de ser espiritual como Dios o los ángeles) los estados de consciencia no existen. Pero ¿existe algún otro no teísta aparte de Rosenberg que crea que la premisa (1) es verdad? Al parecer sí, y no de un parte de un filósofo, sino de un científico, me refiero al autor del canal de YouTube The Action Lab.

Dejaré el video aquí mismo para que veas las conclusiones a las que llega el autor sobre la consciencia basándose en los experimentos de Libet (que suelen citar los naturalistas para demostrar que el libre albedrío y la consciencia inmaterial no existen, nada más lejos de la realidad[i]). Pero si no quieres ver todo el video ni los divertidos experimentos que realiza o tu inglés no es lo suficientemente bueno para entenderlo, no te preocupes, puedes saltarte el video e ir directamente a la traducción que he realizado para este artículo.

Esto es lo que The Action Lab explica a partir del minuto 6:51 sobre los experimentos realizados:

Así que puede que no hayas pensado mucho en ello, pero ¿qué sucede realmente cuando haces esto (cierra y abre la palma de la mano)?, ¿cómo decidí mover mi brazo? Bien, cuando decides mover el brazo, parece un pensamiento consciente, piensas en moverlo y se mueve. Así que ahora mismo estoy decidiendo mover mi brazo, pero ¿mi cerebro consciente decidió moverlo o hay algo más?

Así que se han realizado múltiples estudios sobre esto y lo extraño es que en realidad hay algo que se llama potencial de preparación (muestra una gráfica sobre cómo el voltaje se eleva antes del tiempo consciente al 0s.) que sucede en tu cerebro antes del pensamiento consciente y el movimiento de tu brazo. Así que, lo que quiero decir, es que tienes el pensamiento consciente para mover tu brazo, pero lo que sucede antes es que hay un potencial que se eleva en tu cerebro, así que hay algo que sucede en tu cerebro incluso antes de tener la idea de mover el brazo.

Ahora, como algunos han leído este dato, significa que nuestro subconsciente realmente está tomando todas las decisiones, por lo que nuestro subconsciente realmente decide mover el dedo y luego después de decidir el potencial de preparación aumenta hasta que se produce la sinapsis que provoca la reacción en cadena que realmente mueve el dedo. Por lo que esto debería ser un poco molesto para ti, porque significa que nuestra consciencia no está realmente tomando la decisión de hacer algo, sino que en realidad es nuestro subconsciente el que toma la decisión y luego lo inserta en nuestra consciencia como si fuera nuestro propio pensamiento consciente haciéndolo.

Pero en 2016, los científicos en Berlín realizaron un experimento para probar si es la consciencia o la subconsciencia la que toma estas decisiones. De modo que, lo que hicieron estos científicos, es que utilizaron una computadora para medir estos potenciales de preparación en el cerebro y trataron de ver si este programa en la computadora podía predecir en tiempo real los pensamientos o los movimientos conscientes de alguien, por lo que esperaban medir el potencial de preparación en el cerebro antes de que la persona realmente tuviera el pensamiento consciente de mover alguna extremidad y pudiera predecir que se moviera algo. Pero la parte interesante, es que los sujetos en el experimento realmente aprendieron cómo engañar a la computadora, de modo que lo que sucedería en su cerebro es que el potencial de preparación se elevaría, pero el movimiento no se produciría porque la persona conscientemente había pensado que no haría el movimiento, por lo que parece contradecir la opinión de que la consciencia es un subproducto de la subconsciencia, porque ¿cómo conscientemente decides cancelar un movimiento que realiza tu subconsciente que en realidad está controlando tu consciencia? Parece que la consciencia es en realidad la que tiene el control, no la subconsciencia.

Pero esto se vuelve aún más raro. Por ejemplo, un científico llamado Benjamín Libet se dispuso a responder la misma pregunta de si es la consciencia o la subconsciencia la que está involucrada en la toma de decisiones y en la elección de lo que hacemos en nuestra vida diaria. Así que lo que hizo Libet fue que se sometió a pacientes a una cirugía cerebral, de modo que su cerebro estaba abierto y colocó electrodos en su corteza somatosensorial, de modo que pudo medir el impulso creado al tocar la mano de una persona. Así que él tocaba su mano y podía medirlo en su cerebro.  De modo que, lo que midió, fue que cuando tocaba su dedo había un retraso de aproximadamente 30 milisegundos de la señal que se movía hacia su cerebro y luego después de esos 30 milisegundos tenían el pensamiento consciente de que alguien había tocado su dedo, y, luego de que esos 30 milisegundos y del pensamiento consciente aumentaran, tenían alrededor de 500 milisegundos de actividad de picos de voltaje en su cerebro en esa área de la corteza somatosensorial donde eso corresponde a su dedo.

Toque de la mano 30ms Picos de voltaje 500ms
        La consciencia nota el toque   Picos de voltaje

Después, lo que hizo fue que, en lugar de tocar realmente su dedo, simplemente tocaba la parte de su cerebro que correspondía con alguien tocando su dedo y, en ese caso, el paciente tenía alrededor de 500 milisegundos de actividad en su cerebro y sentían que alguien les tocaba el dedo.

Toque del cerebro 500ms La consciencia nota el toque
    Picos de voltaje    

Luego lo que hizo fue estimular el tálamo en el cerebro del paciente y que daba lugar a un pico de voltaje inicial después de 30 milisegundos, pero no a los picos potenciales de voltaje 500 milisegundos en el cerebro, por lo que el experimento demostró que, para tener la idea consciente de que alguien tocaba su dedo, tenía que tener esos 500 milisegundos de la actividad cerebral en curso en la corteza somatosensorial.

Toque del tálamo 30ms Picos de voltaje No más actividad
        La consciencia NO nota el toque    

Pero la parte extraña de esto es como el paciente inicialmente siente y tiene el pensamiento consciente de que alguien tocó su dedo después de solo 30 milisegundos si se requieren 500 milisegundos de potencial en su cerebro para que tenga ese pensamiento. Lo que Libet propone es que los 500 milisegundos que suceden después en realidad se remiten antes en el tiempo, por lo que el paciente realmente es consciente de que eso sucederá después, porque si eso no sucediera después, no debería haber tenido el pensamiento consciente de que sucedió.

Ahora esto suena un poco loco, si Libet tiene razón, lo que significa es que nuestra consciencia está realmente a cargo y tenemos libre albedrío en nuestra consciencia, pero la información en realidad se remite hacia atrás en el tiempo para que nuestra subconsciencia obtenga el potencial de preparación listo antes de que realmente tengamos el pensamiento consciente de hacer algo.

Por supuesto, en la escala macro esto simplemente suena una locura, porque eso significaría que… digamos que tienes un balón de fútbol allí, luego el balón de fútbol comienza a moverse repentinamente y luego mueves tu pie para patearlo, y dices que la razón por la que el balón de fútbol comenzó a moverse fue porque lo pateaste más tarde en el tiempo, lo que no tiene ningún sentido, ya que la causa siempre tiene que venir antes que el efecto en la escala macro (aunque en la escala cuántica, a veces la causa puede ser posterior al efecto).

Así que no está claro si es nuestra consciencia o nuestra subconsciencia la que está liderando el camino y las decisiones que tomamos a diario. De hecho, la consciencia es uno de los aspectos menos entendidos en la ciencia, por ejemplo, ¿por qué una computadora, con todas las señales en movimiento y la información que ocurre en ella, no puede experimentar algo; pero para mí, cuando tengo todas estas sinapsis que están ocurriendo en mi cerebro, ¿puedo tener una experiencia?

Actualmente no hay nada en la ciencia que pueda explicar por qué tenemos sensaciones reales, los científicos pueden explicar el mecanismo que hay detrás, sabemos muy bien cómo ocurren las sinapsis y el mecanismo real del por qué están ocurriendo como si fuéramos una gran máquina en movimiento, pero no hay nada que pueda explicar la sensación real de ello. ¿Por qué experimentamos el color? Sabemos cómo se produce el color y qué es y qué lo causa, pero no sabemos por qué experimentamos el color. Y la consciencia es una de esas cosas de las que no estoy seguro de si alguna vez se resolverá en la ciencia. No estoy seguro de si alguna vez podremos explicar científicamente por qué tenemos sensaciones, por qué podemos sentir y experimentar cosas, mientras que algún otro objeto que tiene las mismas reacciones atómicas y movimientos mecánicos y un movimiento molecular no experimenta algo.

Ahora, la consciencia es tan difícil que ha sido apodada El problema de la consciencia en la ciencia. Esta es la razón por la que algunas personas pueden recurrir a la religión para explicar cosas como esta, por ejemplo, tal vez se deba a algo que no es físico, sino a algo espiritual que sucede dentro de ti y que realmente te hace tener consciencia. Ahora, hay muchas teorías religiosas, filosóficas y científicas, y tú eliges lo que decides creer de dónde viene la consciencia, porque la ciencia no ha resuelto esto aún.

Desconozco si The Action Lab se ha pronunciado alguna vez como ateo o agnóstico, pero es claro por todo lo que acabas de leer que no es algún tipo de teísta. Pero observen que él ofrece las mismas razones que el Dr. Craig y el Dr. Rosenberg sobre por qué parece imposible que los estados intencionales existan en un mundo puramente material. Y, lo más interesante, son las conclusiones distintas a las que llegan los no teístas: Rosenberg se aferra a su cosmovisión ateísta y decide creer que los estados intencionales no existen, ¡una postura bastante radical con tal de evitar la conclusión de que Dios existe! En cambio, The Action Lab termina sosteniendo una postura más débil y que a pocos ateos les agradará: los estados intencionales no pueden y probablemente nunca puedan ser explicados por la metodología científica. Por supuesto, él no admite que Dios sea la mejor explicación debido a su compromiso científico; pero tampoco cree que sea irrazonable postular causas sobrenaturales, al menos no en este terreno sobre la consciencia.

NOTAS

[i] Para una discusión teísta sobre estos experimentos: https://es.reasonablefaith.org/question-answer/P230/el-experimento-de-libet-y-el-determinismo

 


Jairo Izquierdo es miembro del equipo de Social Media y autor para la organización cristiana Cross Examined.  Estudia filosofía y teología, siendo su actual foco de estudio la lógica clásica, epistemología, doctrinas cristianas y filosofía del lenguaje.  Es cofundador de Filósofo Cristiano. Es miembro en la Christian Apologetics Alliance y director de alabanza en la iglesia cristiana bautista Cristo es la Respuesta en Puebla, México.

By Wintery Knight

In the summer, a couple of Jehovah’s Witness ladies were going door-to-door, and they stopped by my house while I was out mowing. I decided to talk to them. They asked me why I was an evangelical Protestant rather than a JW. Rather than go into a lot of theology about the Trinity and the Watchtower translation, I decided to just tell them about the false predictions their group has made.

So, let’s just quickly review that using this article from Watchman fellowship, which quotes JW publications:

Initially, the organization taught the “battle of the Great Day of God Almighty” (Armageddon) would end in 1914. Every kingdom of the world would be overthrown in 1914, which was “God’s date” not for the beginning but “for the end” of the time of trouble.

“…we consider it an established truth that the final end of the kingdoms of this world, and the full establishment of the Kingdom of God, will be accomplished by the end of A.D. 1914” (Watchtower founder, Charles Taze Russell, The Time is at Hand, p. 99).

“…the ‘battle of the great day of God Almighty’ (Rev. 16:14), which will end in A.D. 1914 with the complete overthrow of earth’s present rulership, is already commenced” (Ibid., p. 101).

“CAN IT BE DELAYED UNTIL 1914?… our readers are writing to know if there may not be a mistake in the 1914 date. They say that they do not see how present conditions can last so long under the strain. We see no reason for changing the figures – nor could we change them if we would. They are, we believe, God’s dates, not ours. But bear in mind that the end of 1914 is not the date for the beginning, but for the end of the time of trouble” (Watch Tower, 15 July 1894, p. 226).

Clearly, the world did not end in 1914, and it did not end at subsequent JW predictions, either, e.g., 1925, 1975.

So, as the title of the post says that I can’t be a global warming alarmist for the same reason, I can’t be a Jehovah’s Witness: failed predictions.

Here’s an excellent article from Daily Signal by famous black economist Walter Williams, who explains the connection:

As reported in The New York Times (Aug. 1969), Stanford University biologist Paul Ehrlich warned: “The trouble with almost all environmental problems is that by the time we have enough evidence to convince people, you’re dead. We must realize that unless we’re extremely lucky, everybody will disappear in a cloud of blue steam in 20 years.”

In 2000, David Viner, a senior research scientist at the University of East Anglia’s climate research unit, predicted that in a few years’ winter snowfall would become “a very rare and exciting event. Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”

In 2004, the U.S. Pentagon warned President George W. Bush that major European cities would be beneath rising seas. Britain will be plunged into a Siberian climate by 2020. In 2008, Al Gore predicted that the polar ice cap would be gone in a mere 10 years. A U.S. Department of Energy study led by the U.S. Navy predicted the Arctic Ocean would experience an ice-free summer by 2016.

In May 2014, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius declared during a joint appearance with Secretary of State John Kerry that “we have 500 days to avoid climate chaos.”

Peter Gunter, professor at North Texas State University, predicted in the spring 1970 issue of The Living Wilderness:

Demographers agree almost unanimously on the following grim timetable: by 1975, widespread famines will begin in India; these will spread by 1990 to include all of India, Pakistan, China, and the Near East, Africa. By the year 2000, or conceivably sooner, South and Central America will exist under famine conditions. … By the year 2000, thirty years from now, the entire world, with the exception of Western Europe, North America, and Australia, will be in famine.

Ecologist Kenneth Watt’s 1970 prediction was, “If present trends continue, the world will be about four degrees colder for the global mean temperature in 1990, but eleven degrees colder in the year 2000.” He added, “This is about twice what it would take to put us into an ice age.”

Williams concludes:

Today’s wild predictions about climate doom are likely to be just as true as yesteryear’s. The major difference is today’s Americans are far more gullible and more likely to spend trillions fighting global warming. And the only result is that we’ll be much poorer and less free.

We have known for decades that the Earth’s temperatures were much warmer during the “Medieval Warming Period,” hundreds of years ago. But some people are just having irrational fears about overpopulation, resource shortages, etc. and so they will promote nonsense to try to scare people into doing what they want. World history is full of pious-sounding attention-seeking hoaxsters who try to scare the gullible masses into giving them money and/or power. It’s not new.

Recommended resources related to the topic:

Jehovah’s Witnesses & the Trinity (mp3) by Ed Havaich

Science Doesn’t Say Anything, Scientists Do by Dr. Frank Turek (DVD, Mp3, and Mp4)

Can All Religions Be True? mp3 by Frank Turek

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/369mx4H 

How good is the moral argument?  A retired attorney wrote Frank asserting that we don’t need God for objective morality.  Some of his challenges can be summarized in the following questions:

  • Does the moral argument depend on everyone agreeing on right and wrong?
  • Can human beings construct an objective moral standard independent of God? Couldn’t the majority vote do that?
  • Are God’s commands based on God’s desires?
  • Are they based on God’s authority?
  • Can’t evolution explain morality?
  • Do changing views on morality mean there is no objective morality?
  • What about moral dilemmas? Do they show morality is relative?

Join Frank as he continues his response to these challenges.

If you want to send us a question for the show, please email us at Hello@CrossExamined.org.

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By Mikel Del Rosario

How do people see you at work? I’ve been thinking about the relationship of your vocational work to spiritual conversations, especially as I reflect on collaborative events I’ve participated in over years, like the National Faith and Work Association Meeting. And here’s the thing: Our apologetic arguments aren’t heard in a vacuum. They’re wrapped in a special packaging called “your life.” In other words, our spiritual conversations are heard in the context of our who we are at work.

Think about it: We spend most of our time at work. And that’s where most of us interact with people who see Christianity differently. Each week, you have the opportunity to break down emotional barriers to the Gospel by the way you work and the way you treat people at work.

In this post, I’ll share two ways your time at work can begin to break down barriers to spiritual conversations with people you see the most. First, your work provides opportunities for building relationships. Second, your job provides opportunities to love your neighbors.

Real Relationships

Building relationships with your co-workers and clients is a great way to break down emotional barriers to spiritual conversations. Part of earning the right to be heard includes doing good work in our vocation. Again, our spiritual conversations, apologetic arguments, and evangelism don’t take place in a vacuum. They are wrapped up in the kind of person you are in the workplace. Walt Larimore, who wrote Workplace Grace along with Bill Peel, says:

“People tend to not want to hear what you say if you are sloppy at work.”

But it’s a lot more than job performance that counts. It’s how you treat people, too.

Neighborly Love

Honoring God with our life includes viewing our work as a ministry—a service to both God and neighbor.  This goes beyond the things that we might do outside of our work responsibilities. Although praying for people or leading bible studies after office hours may honor God, we shouldn’t forget that our daily, professional work itself is also a part of our service to the Lord.  I like how Greg Forster says that work is “how we serve our neighbors in our everyday activities,” and it “is one of the main ways we reflect the character of Christ” (Theology That Works, 10).

Both competence and character are important traits of a Christian ambassador at work. It’s no surprise that thoughtful acts of kindness—like sharing the recognition for corporate victories with our staff or verbally appreciating our coworkers for their contributions—can play an important part in representing the Gospel. The Lord is pleased by Christian ambassadors who do good, honest work while obeying the Second Greatest Commandant: to love our neighbors as ourselves.

Loving your neighbor often paves the way for open spiritual conversations. In a video series on Workplace Grace, Bill Peel explains:

“When actions and words go together in showing appreciation and respect and honor of the value in another person, that speaks volumes. Obviously, if a person doesn’t feel valued by us they’re not going to value what you believe or what you say.”

So, when someone realizes that we have their best in mind, they may find it easier to open the door to honest conversations about some of the most important things in life. As ambassadors, we must begin to develop a biblical perspective on our work. One of the results of doing so is a better witness for Christ at our places of employment.

At the end of the day, our spiritual conversations are always heard in the context of our lives, including our lives at work. As Christian ambassadors, we need to see the value God sees in our work and the opportunities he’s has placed for us to represent Him well in our places of employment.

Take this week to intentionally build relationships with your coworkers, supervisors, customers, and clients, genuinely loving them through your work. By God’s grace, these simple acts of kindness can help open the door to spiritual conversations and even break down emotional barriers to the Gospel.

 


Mikel Del Rosario helps Christians explain their faith with courage and compassion. He is a doctoral student in the New Testament department at Dallas Theological Seminary. Mikel teaches Christian Apologetics and World Religion at William Jessup University. He is the author of Accessible Apologetics and has published over 20 journal articles on apologetics and cultural engagement with his mentor, Dr. Darrell Bock. Mikel holds an M.A. in Christian Apologetics with highest honors from Biola University and a Master of Theology (Th.M) from Dallas Theological Seminary, where he serves as Cultural Engagement Manager at the Hendricks Center and a host of the Table Podcast. Visit his Web site at ApologeticsGuy.com.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/35ver66

By Terrell Clemmons

Douglas Ell became an atheist as a youth because of misinformation handed down to him in the name of science. It took him thirty years “to climb out of the atheist hole.” Sadly, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, the 2014 series brought to you by Neil deGrasse Tyson, Family Guy’s Seth MacFarlane, and a host of like-minded celebrity atheists, served up thirteen dazzling episodes containing similar misinformation. The series mixed, quoting Jay W. Richards, “one-part illuminating discussion of scientific discoveries, one part fanciful, highly speculative narrative, and one-part rigid ideology disguised as the assured results of scientific research.”

If you like science—science done well, that is—you’ll find invaluable help making sense out of Cosmos with The Unofficial Guide to Cosmos: Fact and Fiction in Neil deGrasse Tyson’s Landmark Science Series, an easily readable volume co-authored by Ell, Richards, David Klinghoffer, and Casey Luskin. The Unofficial Guide to Cosmos sorts out, episode by episode, the legitimate science from the liberal doses of materialist philosophy, revised history, and brazen ideology the makers of the series have carelessly (or intentionally?) stirred into the mix. Here’s a sampling:

Materialist Philosophy. Without acknowledging it, Cosmos presupposes a priori the materialist worldview. This should come no surprise. But the makers deceive themselves if they think they’ve dispensed with the religious. Scientific thought, according to Tyson, is the “light” that has “set us free.” And discovering our “long lost cousins” (organisms with similar DNA sequences) can be a “spiritual experience.”

Science History. With respect to history, there are errors of commission, a deceptive retelling of the Giordano Bruno affair, for example, clearly designed to paint Christianity as a mortal enemy of science. And there are errors of omission, such as the utter desacralization of many revered fathers of science (Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, and more), who were men of open Christian piety.

Ideology. In later episodes, Tyson lectures viewers about a dire need to save the planet, and he casts climate dissenters, who are “in the grip of denial,” as either ignorant or evil—this against a backdrop of cheering Nazis, to round out the propaganda package.

An especially insidious error of omission involves the makers’ failure to even hint that a vigorous debate rages today among scientists. “Cosmos has done a wonderful job of recalling how old mistaken ideas were overturned—ideas about geocentrism, stellar composition, continental drift…and more,” writes Luskin. “However, these are all tales from the annals of scientific history. Cosmos presents current scientific thinking as if it were all correct, with everything figured out…Tyson never discusses evidence that challenges the prevailing evolutionary view.” This is inexcusable.

Even scientists sympathetic to the makers’ agenda have pointed out serious flaws. “Cosmos is a fantastic artifact of scientific myth making,” wrote science historian Joseph Martin of Michigan State University. Yet, he defends the series, including the myth making. Why? Luskin parses Martin’s defense: because Martin thinks it’s permissible to lie if the lie helps “promote greater public trust in science.” Martin calls this kind of useful lie a “taradiddle.”

Luskin furthermore puts his finger on the million-dollar question the thinking public should be asking: If the science academy is condoning telling us ‘taradiddles’ to curry our trust in science, why should we blindly trust them when they claim that only their “science” can explain the origin of life and the cosmos?

Recommended resources related to the topic:

Why Science Needs God by Dr. Frank Turek (DVD and Mp4)

Science Doesn’t Say Anything, Scientists Do by Dr. Frank Turek (DVD, Mp3 and Mp4)

Oh, Why Didn’t I Say That? Does Science Disprove God? by Dr. Frank Turek (DVD and Mp4)

Stealing From God by Dr. Frank Turek (Book)

 


Terrell Clemmons is a freelance writer and blogger on apologetics and matters of faith.

This article was originally published at salvomag.com: http://bit.ly/2ISmala

Por David L. Rogers

Parte I: Un libro, una Ilustración de los Gobiernos.

El cristiano y el mundo:

El mundo está mal por muchos motivos, algo parecido a lo que vivió Lot (Génesis 19:1-29 con 2a Pedro 2:6-7). Hoy vemos que el crimen se escapa de la mano de las policías quienes no logran frenar su aumento año tras año, la perversión sexual y moral está en plena calle, la familia está degradada y corrompida, los padres y las madres pelean y se atacan, resultando en consecuencias tan graves como el femicidio y el fratricidio, los niños y los adolescentes mienten a sus padres, odian a sus padres y aun matan a sus padres (parricidio), la corrupción abunda en las fuerzas armadas y los carabineros en donde la misma institución esconde los abusos financieros y éticos, los políticos se aprovechan de las excepciones de la ley a fin de lograr fines ilícitos, la sociedad promueve lo que antes era vergonzoso como es la homosexualidad, los “Drag Queens,” los Travestis, los “Queer” – todo tipo de práctica porque “no hay nada más relevante que la cuestión de su género” y las lesbianas quienes caminan por la calle sin recelo alguno acariciándose a vista de otros. En nuestro mundo ya reinan los extremos sin límite. Estamos rodeados de peligros por ataques terroristas, por sicarios que se desquitan matando a sangre fría con armas automáticas, hay protestas y marchas para toda clase de causa y la sociedad está cada vez más revolucionada y alterada. Vivimos en un mundo realmente autodestructivo.

En otro tiempo, Lot sintió el peso del pecado de manera que estaba “abrumado” (2 Pedro 2:7, LBLA) por su cultura. No por nada se vive hoy, como en aquel tiempo, y claro, se experimenta las expresiones y prácticas nada menos opresivas frente al pecado y el libertinaje que se vive hoy. El pecado sobreabunda y permea la sociedad a tal punto que el que temeroso de Dios no sabe qué más puede hacer para ayudar a frenar este desenlace desenfrenado.

Por todo esto, se puede concluir que nuestro mundo es menos que moderno. El posmodernismo ha creado una realidad de extrema perversión. Me explico. El modernismo como movimiento o como postulación social y cultural aceptaba y creía que había verdades que eran objetivamente universales. Esas verdades definían lo que era bueno o malo, verdadero o falso, aceptable o intolerable. Sin embargo, el modernismo falló porque descartó y desmintió muchas de las verdades tradicionalmente aceptadas, tales como la definición de lo correcto, la necesidad de una moral objetiva, y la verdad de que existía un Dios verdadero y conocible. El modernismo puso en tela de juicio todo lo que nuestros abuelos, desde el Siglo XIX y hacia atrás, creían y confirmaba. En su lugar, durante los años 1930 en adelante, la gente cuestionó qué era verdad y el movimiento del postmodernismo teológico y moral o ético inundó la educación. Ya no se creía que había verdades objetivas. Lo racional y lo lógico era desmentido, descartado, y reemplazado por lo conveniente, lo tolerado. Nadie podía decir a otro que sus creencias fueran universales ni absolutas.

Esto del postmodernismo dividió lo objetivo de lo subjetivo en una especie de casa de dos pisos. Dividió lo que era intelectual, científico y racional, juntándolos en el “primer piso” de la filosofía, en donde las cosas nombradas eran objetivas, reales, seguros y superiores. Estos últimos los divorció del “segundo piso” de la esfera de lo emocional, religioso, moral y ético. El primer piso es donde se ubican las “verdades públicas” siendo las cognitivas, verificables, objetivas. El segundo piso es donde se ubican creencias subjetivas, relativas, culturalmente definidas y en especial las ideas-preferencias individuales o personales.  Desde la década de los ´70 en adelante la definición de lo que era verdad o no, lo que era racional o no, y lo que es personal versus lo que es público se han dividido y apartado de manera plena. Todos los postmodernos (sépanlo o no) creen que la fe, la religión y las morales son valores personales y por ende no son universales ni son objetivas, y menos son racionales. Son simplemente relativas. Es como quien dice, “Tú tienes tu verdad, yo tengo la mía. No hay una verdad universal.” La sociedad ahora acepta y actúa a base con los dos pisos, o dos “reinos” de verdad: la verdad personal y la verdad cultural o social. Esto es el postmodernismo. Y ello ha infiltrado posteriormente en la cultura, también en la política y en el acto de gobernar.

Es en este segundo ámbito que se define o se inserta la política moderna. Pero ¿Cómo se está infectando el postmodernismo a la política actual? Todos los hemos escuchado: a los influenciadores de la opinión pública quienes dicen cosas como, por ejemplo: “No se puede legislar la moralidad,” o “El estado no debe fomentar ni promover ninguna religión en especial,” o por ejemplo “deja tu fe en casa cuando vengas a realizar tu trabajo en el congreso.” Estos y otros dichos hacen echo de la filosofía secularizada para con el lugar de la fe y las creencias. Vale decir, de la separación entre la verdad objetiva versus las creencias personales.

La casa del gobierno, el senado, la oficina del alcalde, ¿son acaso lugares donde no corresponde, o donde no hay lugar para la fe pública? No fue así cuando Chile se fundó. El mismo Simón Bolívar, creador intelectual de la primera constitución de Chile y de varios países de Latinoamérica, fue un creyente férreo en la dignidad del ser humano porque estaba basado en la santidad de vida otorgada por la Biblia misma. La historia de las revoluciones latinoamericanas demuestra que Simón Bolívar sabía el valor de la moral, las leyes basadas en la misma Ley divina. Entonces, cuando Chile nació, al igual que muchos de los países en el continente sud americano, la fe y las creencias cristianas influyeron fuertemente en la formación de las constituciones originales.

Desde esta mira preguntamos: ¿debe el cristiano contemplar integrarse en la clase política o ser un líder político? ¿Qué sucede si un creyente se integra al mundo de los políticos o de los que gobiernan la nación? La Biblia entrega amplios ejemplos de personas—tanto hombres como mujeres—quienes sí, formaron parte de la clase política y quienes fueron insertos, a veces a la fuerza, al liderazgo o la gobernación de un país. De ellos podemos sacar importantes ejemplos de cómo y por qué un cristiano hoy también puede tener una influencia en la dirección de su país.

  1. Consideraciones bíblicas:

En primer lugar, a través de la historia del pueblo judío, se ven varios “hombres políticos” que, sin ser reyes ni generales, fueron parte de un gobierno, el cual hasta a veces era totalmente pagano. Una breve lista sirve para mostrar que la integración a una administración de un rey u otro les proveyó de muchas oportunidades influyentes e importantes.

Por Ejemplo:

Nehemías, el asistente personal del rey de Babilonia. Siendo un hombre de confianza del rey Artajerjes, Nehemías estaba dotado de especial influencia tanto en las leyes como en la toma de decisiones del rey. Nehemías fue seleccionado por Artajerjes porque poseía las cualidades de un hombre imparcial, confiable y sabio. (ver Nehemías 2:1-10). Demostró las cualidades necesarias para ser un líder a nivel real y con una influencia clave para el gobierno de Babilonia.

Daniel, el gobernador real, primer ministro de Babilonia. En el mismo país que Nehemías, Dios preparó a un joven, de entre 17 a 22 años quien accedería al palacio de Nabucodonosor, en función de un miembro del gabinete de rey. (Considera Daniel 1 y 3). Daniel poseía un don especial: poder interpretar los sueños. Esta habilidad divina fue estratégica para el momento que vivía la nación judía a ser un defensor de dicho pueblo.

José, el esclavo hecho vice rey, segundo solo al mismo Faraón. Otra vez, un gobernante que fue ascendido por sus capacidades extraordinarias de poder interpretar los sueños. No es eso, sin embargo, la condición necesaria para lograr este puesto importante. José se destacó primero en la cárcel por ser un administrador excelente.

Estudia Génesis 41:1-46, esp. v. 14-16, 46

En el contexto israelita, Moisés fue un legislador por excelencia. Moisés, claramente nombrado por el Dios de Israel, conoció sus primeros lineamientos de la legislación nacional cuando en Egipto, siendo considerado el hijo de la hija de Faraón, le enseñaron sus leyes junto con sus respectivos castigos y condenas.

En otra época al momento de nacimiento de la iglesia primitiva, también hay muchos ejemplos y enseñanzas específicas.  No hay que olvidar que los apóstoles y los cristianos del primer siglo no buscaban estar involucrados en la política, pero por necesidad, fueron obligados a enfrentarse con el sistema político del día.

Ejemplos del Nuevo Testamento:

1) Hechos 4:8-20 con 1 Pedro 2:13-17–los apóstoles reconocían y respetaban tanto las autoridades judías, así como las romanas.  Esto quiere decir que el cristianismo no fue un movimiento revolucionario en contra del orden establecido. Los temas al eje del trato con el gobierno son respeto, honor, el actuar siendo hombre/mujeres libres en una manera digna, y la sumisión a las autoridades. El mismo Apóstol Pedro quien respondió con valentía y firmeza que no podía desobedecerle a Dios, a pesar de la orden dada por el Sanedrín, es el mismo Pedro que exhortó a los cristianos perseguidos a someterse al gobierno del hombre. Solo cuando las órdenes del gobierno fuesen en contra de la voluntad de Dios era posible y aceptable (pero no recomendable) actuar contrarios a las mismas y esto sabiendo que el cristiano sufriría por ello cual hicieron eventualmente.

2) Hechos 4:19-20; 5:29-30—al enfrentar las leyes humanas que iban en contra de la ley de Dios, los apóstoles tomaron una posición en contra, mostrando así sus convicciones personales. El conflicto en ambos pasajes se originó a causa de la libertad de expresión personal, no para la iglesia. Esta represión contra ellos fue entendida como algo permitido por el Señor. Pero los apóstoles siguieron predicando y enseñando en desobediencia a las autoridades de la nación judía. Por lo tanto, se ve en estas acciones la posibilidad de la desobediencia civil que en ocasiones sucede. Junto con ella, también comenzó la persecución contra la iglesia. En resumidas cuentas, la libertad de expresión fue tan valiosa que los apóstoles estaban dispuestos a sufrir por ella, sabiendo que no podían desobedecer a Dios (Hechos 4:20).

3) Hechos 4:13; 5:1-11, 26, 39; 26:26–La actitud tomada por los apóstoles y la hermandad en general les dio una excelente plataforma del cual podían dirigirse a los asuntos morales, éticos y políticos, teniendo como respaldo un estilo de vida radicalmente diferente que la sociedad, pero no radical en su actitud hacia las autoridades civiles. Nunca intentaron crear una tendencia en contra de las autoridades, pero tampoco se escondieron su actuar (Hechos 26:26).

Entendemos que los apóstoles mantuvieron una actitud de reverente respeto hacia el Sanedrín, hacia las autoridades políticas de la nación de Israel y también hacia el gobierno reinante, los romanos. Pero, por otra parte, no fueron tímidos ni esquivos al defender sus convicciones de que la voluntad de Dios para la iglesia incluía, según el caso, marcar una diferencia entre la libertad de culto y la expresión personal de la misma y las prácticas represivas de los líderes judíos cuando se manifestaron en contra de la iglesia. Nadie ni nada superaba la Palabra de Cristo al ser testigos de su Nombre. Ni siquiera las autoridades patriarcales de una nación corrupta que había vendido su alma al gobierno opresor romano.

¿Cuáles principios podemos extraer de estos eventos? Son al menos tres:

1) El respetar a las autoridades de una nación no elimina la posibilidad de discrepar de sus órdenes y hasta incluso desobedecerlas. Aunque el creyente corra el peligro de sufrir por ello, le será necesario en esta situación pedir al Señor la gracia para aguantar las consecuencias.

2)  Los creyentes abogamos por la libertad de expresión, la libertad de culto y la libertad de prensa. Estas libertades pueden ser costosas al defenderlas. El derecho que se debe defender para efecto de predicar el Evangelio y de vivir una vida tranquila lo debemos defender al igual para todos de cualquier religión, credo, fe o doctrina, sabiendo que, al hacerlo, se defiende un derecho esencial de la vida.

3)  De particular importancia es la conclusión fundamental que la iglesia de Cristo no posee ni la exigencia ni el privilegio de controlar, manejar, dirigir ni castigar las autoridades civiles. La iglesia de Cristo posee otros fines de mayor calibre y duración que los que se ve el gobierno humano posee. No es la iglesia universal ni local un mero siervo de las autoridades gubernamentales ni tampoco es un bastón para castigarlo.

Ahora conviene pasar a considerar los aspectos fundamentales del modelo bíblico de la sociedad y, por ende, el gobierno civil.

Bibliografía

Eidsmore, John, God and Caesar: Christian Faith and Political Action (Crossway Books, Westchester, 1984, Dios y el César: La Fe Cristiana y la Acción Política).

Feinberg, J. S., & Feinberg, P. D.,  Ethics for a Brave New World  (Etica para un Mundo Nuevo Valiente, Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1993).

MacArthur, John, Piense Conforme a la Biblia, (Editorial Portavoz, Grand Rapids, 2004.)

Pearcy, Nancy R., Verdad Total: Liberar el Cristianismo de su Cautiverio a la Cultura (Editorial JUCUM, Tyler, Texas, 2014).

Sproul, R.C. Following Christ. (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1996.)

Whitehead, John W., An American Dream (Crossway Books, Westchester, 1987, Un Sueño Americano).

 


David L. Rogers, misionero y profesor en Chile por 35 años, es graduado del Clarks Summit University, Clarks Summit, Pensilvania (1980, BRE) y del Seminario Teológico “Moody” de Chicago (1997, Masters of Arts). David y su esposa de 39 años, Ruth Ann, y sus cuatro hijos han servido en Santiago en la fundación de tres iglesias, donde además fundaron una editorial chilena que durante 14 años ha publicado libros, recursos y estudios originales en español. Su pasión es de capacitar a líderes locales capaces de guiar la obra de Dios con amor, humildad y destreza espiritual. También la apologética es una prioridad para David, y por ello, está cursando su segundo año en un programa de Masters of Arts in Apologetics en la Houston Baptist University. David y Ruth Ann tienen cuatro nietos preciosos quienes viven en los Estados Unidos con sus padres.

By Natasha Crain

As Christians, we have all kinds of pithy sayings that make their way through churches and establish themselves as generally accepted truths. Some end up on bumper stickers, some on wall decals, and some just get repeated so many times that people think they’re actually in the Bible.

There’s a popular one among parents that I keep hearing lately, and each time I hear it, I cringe. Not only is it false, but it’s particularly damaging to the discipleship of the next generation.

It’s the idea that “Faith is caught, not taught.”

When people say this, they’re usually trying to emphasize that faith is a matter of the heart, not a cold belief in a set of facts that someone has taught them. And of course, there’s truth to that sentiment. But nine times out of ten that someone relays this saying to me, there’s an implication that our kids’ spiritual development has little to do with the “intellectual stuff” of apologetics, but rather everything to do with how well we live our faith in front of them (apologetics is the study of why there’s good reason to believe Christianity is true).

This belief is desperately wrong. At best, it results in a passive approach to discipleship. At worst, it’s an excuse for intellectual laziness.

Let’s look at why.

First, we have to clearly understand what faith is.

Faith, in its most basic sense, is trust.

A blind faith is a trust that has little or no justification. For example, imagine that I claimed there’s an invisible unicorn living outside my house. When you ask me what reasons I have for that belief, I tell you, “I don’t need reasons. I just have faith.” In this case, I would be acknowledging that I hold a blind faith in my invisible unicorn—it’s a faith without reason.

At the other end of the faith, spectrum is a person trusting in something they have good reason to believe is true. For example, I’m willing to get on an airplane because I have faith that it will safely get me to where I need to be. I can’t be certain, but I know there is a good reason to place my trust in the process.

Importantly, this means that faith is not a way of knowing something. It’s how you respond to what you know. This is such an important distinction. Atheists often suggest that faith is inferior to science as a way of knowing about the world, but faith isn’t a way of knowing about the world at all. It’s trust that we place in Jesus in response to what we know about the world (and that knowledge comes from many sources).

In short, biblical faith is not blind faith. Biblical faith is trusting in what we have good reason to believe is true, based on the extensive evidence God has given us.

Now that we’ve established an accurate understanding of what faith is, we can see two major problems with the idea that “faith is caught, not taught.”

  1. It emphasizes passing on our trust rather than the reasons for our trust.

If faith is trust, then what this saying effectively states is that our trust is something that should rub off on our kids as they see how we live our lives.

Our trust in Jesus may or may not rub off on our kids, but regardless, that shouldn’t be our primary goal in discipleship.

Instead, we need to pass on the good reasons that should lead to our kids’ trust in Jesus. Otherwise, they’re just borrowing our own trust without knowing the justification for it. That’s a faith that’s waiting to crumble as soon as it’s significantly challenged.

It’s worth a side note here that parents shouldn’t assume a well-lived Christian faith is even desirable to their kids. There are numerous kids who grow up in loving Christian homes, with parents who truly “walk the walk,” but abandon their faith. Why? Those kids might admire the sincerity of their parents’ convictions but feel no desire to “catch” that same faith because they don’t believe it’s built on good reason. Once again, this points back to the need to pass on the reasons for the hope we have (1 Peter 3:15), not simply our own trust.

  1. A deep understanding of the reasons for faith is not something that’s simply “caught.”

Even if we restate the saying as “Reasons for faith are caught, not taught,” it still doesn’t work.

Here are just a few major concepts that will never be passively caught based on how you live out your Christian faith:

What objective evidence is there for the existence of God?

Do science and God contradict one another?

Can all religions point to the same truth?

What historical evidence is there for the resurrection?

Was Christianity copied from pagan religions?

How do we know that the Gospels are based on reliable eye witness testimony?

How do we know that the Bible we have today hasn’t been corrupted in the copying process over hundreds of years?

How can a good God permit so much evil and suffering?

Between my two books, I cover 70 of these critical questions that kids need to understand today. My new book, coming in March, focuses on 30 more questions specifically about Jesus (Talking with Your Kids about Jesus: 30 Conversations Every Christian Parent Must Have). That’s one hundred important questions kids need to understand given the challenges today…and that’s one hundred important questions they won’t grasp deeply just by watching how you live your faith.

These things are taught.

And the need to proactively teach is woven throughout Scripture:

“Only be careful, and watch yourselves closely so that you do not forget the things your eyes have seen or let them fade from your heart as long as you live. Teach them to your children and to their children after them” (Deuteronomy 4:9).

“…he commanded our ancestors to teach their children, so the next generation would know them, even the children yet to be born, and they, in turn, would tell their children” (Psalm 78:5-6).

“Listen, my son, to your father’s instruction and do not forsake your mother’s teaching” (Proverbs 1:8).

“Fathers, do not exasperate your children; instead, bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord” (Ephesians 6:4).

There’s good reason the Bible tells us to teach and train and not just keep walking with the Lord while kids look on. Those eyes can’t physically see all that needs to be mentally learned. And as long as Christian parents think all they need to do is model what it looks like to put their trust in Jesus, kids will keep struggling when challenged on the justification for such a life.

Does passing on an understanding of all the good reasons for faith means a child will necessarily follow Jesus? Not at all. But when we’re obedient in our calling to be teachers (not just walkers!), we can be confident that we have given our kids the opportunity to develop their own trust in Jesus and didn’t simply encourage them to borrow our convictions.

A borrowed faith is readily handed back.

Recommended resources related to the topic:

Talking with Your Kids about God: 30 Conversations Every Christian Parent Must Have by Natasha Crain (Book)

Keeping Your Kids on God’s Side: 40 Conversations to Help Them Build a Lasting Faith by Natasha Crain (Book)

Courageous Parenting by Jack and Deb Graham (Book)

Proverbs: Making Your Paths Straight Complete 9-part Series by Frank Turek DVD and Download

Forensic Faith for Kids by J. Warner Wallace and Susie Wallace (Book)

God’s Crime Scene for Kids by J. Warner Wallace and Susie Wallace (Book)

 


Natasha Crain is a blogger, author, and national speaker who is passionate about equipping Christian parents to raise their kids with an understanding of how to make a case for and defend their faith in an increasingly secular world. She is the author of two apologetics books for parents: Talking with Your Kids about God (2017) and Keeping Your Kids on God’s Side (2016). Natasha has an MBA in marketing and statistics from UCLA and a certificate in Christian apologetics from Biola University. A former marketing executive and adjunct professor, she lives in Southern California with her husband and three children.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/35ASDpQ

How good is the moral argument?  A retired attorney wrote Frank asserting that we don’t need God for objective morality.  Some of his challenges can be summarized in the following questions:

  • Does the moral argument depend on everyone agreeing on right and wrong?
  • Can human beings construct an objective moral standard independent of God? Couldn’t the majority vote do that?
  • Are God’s commands based on God’s desires?
  • Are they based on God’s authority?
  • Can’t evolution explain morality?
  • Do changing views on morality mean there is no objective morality?
  • What about moral dilemmas? Do they show morality is relative?

Join Frank as he goes into depth on these and other questions.  In fact, this show starts with an analysis of one Presidential candidate’s claim that a church’s tax-exempt status should be revoked if it fails to embrace same-sex marriage.  Does this align with the Constitution?  And why are churches tax-exempt anyway?

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