Most modern prejudice against biblical miracle reports depends on David Hume’s argument that uniform human experience precluded miracles. Yet current research shows that human experience is far from uniform. In fact, hundreds of millions of people today claim to have experienced miracles. Frank interviews New Testament scholar Craig Keener not only about the reliability of the miracle eyewitness accounts of Gospels and Acts but also documented modern-day miracles. The evidence will leave with more than just something to think about.

Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts
by Craig S. Keener
Link: http://a.co/irMXMQs

 

 

By Terrell Clemmons

“Don’t be surprised to find out that there are atheists and agnostics in your midst,” Ted said to me, after railing against the evils of organized religion. I got the impression he expected some kind of visible reaction from me.

But I wasn’t surprised. He’d already said he was a humanist. The two kind of go together. Besides, I’m not horrified over atheists. I took the bait. You wanna discuss atheism, Ted? Let’s discuss atheism. “So, I get that you have problems with organized religion, Ted. But human organizations aside, do you believe there is a God? Or do you believe there is not a God?”

Ted didn’t give me a straightforward answer, though. Instead, he referred me to Sam Harris, one of his “favorite authors and Freethinkers,” who takes issue with some Catholic teachings and other Christian ideas about God. That was fine for Sam Harris, but Ted didn’t answer for himself. So I repeated the question.

This time he answered. “I don’t believe there is a God,” he said and followed up with a caricature of Christianity. “I don’t believe there is a supreme being that created the universe; and sits in heaven and watches every movement and monitors the thoughts of every human. I see very clearly the problems of organized religion…the hypocrisies, the greed, the sadistic, bullying behavior.”

Now I had something to work with. In the language of the basic logic of reasoning from premises (P) to conclusions (C), I reflected his own reasoning back to him. “Ok, Ted, correct me if I’m wrong. From what I’m hearing, your reasoning goes something like this:

P: People associated with organized religion have engaged in the objectionable behavior.
C: Therefore, there is no God.”

Since he’d quoted Sam Harris, I did the same for Harris’s reasoning. “And Sam Harris’s reasoning goes something like this:

P: The character traits of God as presented by some organized religions are objectionable to me.
C: Therefore, there is no God.”

At this, Ted clarified himself a bit. He was a “science guy,” and God, if he exists, is either “impotent…or evil.” And then he was ready to be done with it. “But, enough about what I think,” he said, and he shifted the subject to something else.

This exchange illustrates something about non-theists, whether they call themselves humanists, agnostics, atheists, freethinkers, or whatever label they prefer. At root, the atheist’s position is intellectually unsound.

Here’s another example:

Ivan: “I’m definitely an atheist. I am an atheist because I cannot believe in fantasy. There is no God. There is no Heaven. There is no Hell. That stuff was created by man to help a man feel better about himself. When I look at the scientific facts, I cannot believe in that. So yes, I am an atheist. Absolutely.”

Terrell: “Which scientific facts?”

Ivan reads off statistics about the size of the universe, emphasizing its vastness. “To think that there’s some type of supreme being, call it God or Jesus, that is bigger than that? That is concerned about us on earth? About our welfare? About our future? It’s absolutely preposterous,”

Ivan’s reasoning went like this:

P: The universe is really huge.
C: Therefore, there is no God.

Like Ted, Ivan considers himself a “science guy.”

Well, I like science, too. And, sure, the size of the universe is a marvel. But it says nothing about the existence or non-existence of God. Nothing, whatsoever. Soon, Ivan was ready to call it quits too. “I believe that at some point, people end up with firm convictions,” he wrote to me in an e-mail. “Their viewpoints should be respected and further attempts to convert them should be avoided because not everybody wants to be converted.”

Ahh, now we have arrived at the heart of the matter: Not everybody wants to be converted. These two exchanges expose the heretofore hidden reality that Ted and Ivan have made a personal, philosophical faith choice to disbelieve. Believers need to remember this and press those vocal non-theists to make their case. The prevailing posture among atheism says the atheistic worldview is more intellectually sound and evolutionarily advanced—that atheism is the belief anyone would come to if he merely examined the scientific facts, all other belief systems being vestiges of Stone Age superstition on a par with moon worship and child sacrifice. But it’s not. Get the facts out in the open and it becomes pretty obvious. Theism stands. Atheism falls. Because there really is a God who created the universe.

The smart atheists seem to know this. Tom Gilson invited David Silverman, president of American Atheists, to co-sponsor an open, reasoned debate at the Reason Rally which will take place this weekend. He declined. William Lane Craig invited Richard Dawkins to debate. He declined.

Nevertheless, unreason notwithstanding, the Reason Rally will go on this weekend. Take it as an invitation to reason together with the non-theists in our midst. Theism is up to the challenge. Atheism isn’t.

Related Readings

This post first appeared at Robin’s Readings and Reflections, where I will be guest blogging on occasion. Check it out.

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2FY2I76

By Brian G. Chilton

Last week, notable physicist Stephen Hawking died. Hawking was known for his brilliant work as a physicist, especially working with black holes, the big bang, and for his exploration of the so-called Theory of Everything (a theory that is purported to hold the glue to the four major laws of the universe). In addition, Hawking was known for one additional thing: his atheism. This has led many people to inquire, “Why does it seem that so many notable scientists are atheists?” While I do not believe that all notable scientists are atheistic in their worldview, this does lead one to ask if there are any good reasons for believing in God’s existence.

While I do not claim to hold the brilliance of Hawking, I was one who was led into the mire of agnosticism earlier in life. Tampering with a theistic-leaning-agnosticism, I was open to the idea that God could exist, I only didn’t know if there were good reasons for accepting God’s existence. Furthermore, if God existed, I wasn’t sure that one could know that God was personable and that he could be known in any certain religion. While the latter questions are things I will cover in later articles, suffice it for now, one needs to ask, “Are there good reasons for believing in God?” Among other issues, five major arguments or evidence, if you will, led me to a strong belief in God’s existence. Counting down from the fifth to the first, the following are the issues that led me to become a strong theist.

#5: Moral Argument

If you really think deeply about it, isn’t is strange that the strongest proponents of social change and ethical behavior are those who do not hold to God’s existence? I am certainly not saying that Christians have not led to social change. Charles Spurgeon and John Wesley both vocally opposed slavery. Nevertheless, it is strange that atheists fight for social change because their worldview does not support objective morality. I am not saying that atheists cannot be good people. I have known many fantastic people who adhere to atheism. I am saying that atheism cannot sustain objective morality because if God does not exist, then all of humanity is nothing but random molecules in motion.

If morality is objective—that is, there are things that can be considered right and wrong, then there must be an objective lawgiver. In essence, I have described the moral argument. Think about a speed limit sign. You are driving down the road, and you see a sign with the big numbers 35 on the white rectangular sign. You may not agree that the speed limit should be 35 miles-per-hour. Nevertheless, some lawgiver did. The sign did not magically appear. Rather, someone decided that the particular stretch of the road upon which you are traveling should only maintain that speed. If there are morals, then someone must have set them in place. In addition, morality points to the importance of life. All of this is only true if God exists.

#4: Consciousness Argument (NDEs).

Consciousness argues for God’s existence, especially if the mind is shown to be separate from the body. That is, if there is an immaterial self (otherwise known as the soul), then spiritual entities exist. The mounting evidence in favor of near-death experiences (i.e., NDEs) demonstrates the reality of the spiritual self. While space does not allow for me to fully engage with this issue here, plenty of material is available which describes the reality of these experiences and how it demolishes the concept of materialism (i.e., the idea that only the physical world exists and nothing else). While NDEs do not necessarily prove the existence of God, it does show that the idea of the Holy Spirit, angels, demons, and the like are not as far-fetched as the skeptic might think.

#3: Design (or Teleological) Argument.

My dad used to have a saying that went, “If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, swims like a duck, and flies like a duck; then chances are likely that you are looking at a duck.” The more I learn about the universe, the more I understand how much intricate design the universe possesses. The universe is full of design. Everything from the way gravity and the universal forces operate[1] to the vastness of the universe itself[2] illustrates not only the design found in the universe but that the universe was designed to support sentient beings like us. If something appears to be designed, then it is logical to infer that its design and structure came from a designer.

#2: Cosmological Argument.

The idea of a causal relationship is at the center of science. That is, every effect must have an underlying cause. This is the heartbeat of science. Yet, this heartbeat seemingly flatlines with the atheist notion that the universe somehow spontaneously created itself. Cosmological arguments for God indicate that if the universe had a beginning, then it is rational to imply that a Creator brought forth creation into existence. For creation to bring itself into existence, creation must be considered to be a conscious self-existent thing. How so? Any time a process of decisional action is placed upon a certain thing, that thing is anthropomorphized. That is to say; we make that thing alive. Evolutionists often do this with the process of evolution itself with claims like “Evolution decided this or that.” But, how can a mindless process decide anything?

William Lane Craig has popularized a brilliant argument called the kalam cosmological argument which goes as follows:

“1) Whatever begins to exist has a cause.

2) The universe began to exist.

3) Therefore, the universe has a cause.”[3]

“But, wait,” one may infer, “if there is a multiverse, doesn’t this get around the problem?” Unfortunately, for the materialist, the Borg-Vilenkin-Guth theorem “closed the door on that possibility.”[4] All physical universes, including a multiverse, must have a finite past, meaning that even a multiverse must have a beginning. Thus, one is left with one of two possibilities: either eternal non-existent nothingness (which means the absence of anything including vacuums) brought about something from nothing, or an eternal Someone brought something from nothing. For me, the latter is MUCH more intellectually satisfying.

#1: Information Argument

The last argument is not an official argument. Rather, it is something I call the information argument. It came to me that any process or program must contain information. Information requires a programmer. The universe contains programs and processes that require information. Therefore, the universe must have a Programmer—that is, God. I am not an evolutionist. Nevertheless, even if evolution were true, it seems to me that this process could not have created itself. How does mindless nothingness come up with anything anyhow? It is nothing, and it is impersonal. So, how does mindless nothingness do anything? It can’t. Consider the information found in DNA and the information found in the processes and programs of the universe. To claim that it came from nothing and no one and simply arranged itself would be like Luigi telling Mario that their virtual world needed no programmers. It is utterly absurd!

A cumulative case considering these five pieces of information and much more show—at least to my mind—the absolute necessity of God. I have to agree with Anselm of Canterbury in his 1078 work Proslogion that God is that which nothing greater can be conceived. How true!

Notes

[1] Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist (Wheaton: Crossway, 2004), 98-110.

[2] Hugh Ross argues that even the vastness of the universe is important for two reasons: the production of life-essential elements and the rate of expansion. See Hugh Ross, Why the Universe is the Way It Is (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008), 33-34.

[3] William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, 3rd ed (Wheaton: Crossway, 2008), 111.

[4] Ibid., 150.


Brian G. Chilton is the founder of BellatorChristi.com and is the host of The Bellator Christi Podcast. He received his Master of Divinity in Theology from Liberty University (with high distinction); his Bachelor of Science in Religious Studies and Philosophy from Gardner-Webb University (with honors); and received certification in Christian Apologetics from Biola University. Brian is currently in the Ph.D. program in Theology and Apologetics at Liberty University. Brian is a full member of the International Society of Christian Apologetics and the Christian Apologetics Alliance. Brian has been in the ministry for over 15 years and serves as the pastor of Huntsville Baptist Church in Yadkinville, North Carolina.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2Ghlshg

If miracles are not possible, then Christianity cannot be true. Many across the centuries have tried to bring arguments against miracles. Maybe the most famous advocate against the possibility of miracles is David Hume. Almost three hundred years after his death, Hume’s argument is still being taught in philosophy courses around the world today. In this podcast, Frank shows why Hume’s argument fails and why other arguments against miracles tend to be circular.

 

Por Peter S. Williams

Un universo de alguien:

Contra Lawrence M. Krauss “Un universo de la nada”:

¿Por qué hay algo en lugar de nada? (Free Press, 2012)

– Peter S. Williams (MA, MPhil); Filósofo residente en el Damaris Trust; Profesor asistente de comunicación y visión del mundo en la escuela de periodismo y comunicación de Gimlekollen en Noruega.

Un universo de alguien

Un universo de la nada: ¿por qué hay algo en lugar de nada? (Free Press, 2012), del cosmólogo Lawrence M. Krauss, ha sido alabado por otros ateos como A.C. Grayling, Sam Harris y Neil deGrasse Tyson. Según Richard Dawkins: “El título significa exactamente lo que dice. Y lo que dice es devastador”[1]. Estoy de acuerdo en que lo que dice este libro sobre el tema de por qué algo existe en lugar de nada (que no es mucho) es devastador, pero solo para la credibilidad intelectual de Krauss y sus partidarios. Krauss pasa la mayor parte de su libro redefiniendo “nada” en términos de algo cada vez más incorpóreo (del “espacio vacío” a las “leyes de la física”), como si esto justificara la conclusión de que la literal nada podría ser la causa del cosmos. Eso es como argumentar que, dado que es posible vivir con menos y menos alimentos cada día, debe ser posible vivir sin comida.

Krauss admite que “no simpatiza con la convicción de que la creación requiere un creador”[2]  (una convicción que afirma es “en la base de todas las religiones del mundo”[3] — aunque esto sería una sorpresa para los budistas que no creen en Dios). Por supuesto, es cierto por definición que la creación requiere un creador (ser un creador es crear una creación, y ser una creación debe ser creada por un creador). Lo que Krauss quiere decir es que no simpatiza con la idea de que el cosmos sea una creación, porque eso implicaría un Creador: “No puedo probar que Dios no existe, pero preferiría vivir en un universo sin uno”[4]. Este tipo de confusión es sintomático de la actitud desdeñosa de Krauss hacia la filosofía, un “sesgo intelectual” confeso[5] que lo llevó a crear un libro con éxito de ventas plagado de confusiones, circunscrito por una argumentación circular y socavado por la auto contradicción.

Krauss reconoce que “nadie más que los fundamentalistas más ardientes sugerirían que todos y cada uno de los objetos [materiales] son… creados intencionalmente por una inteligencia divina…”[6] y que “muchos laicos y científicos se deleitan en nuestra capacidad para explicar cómo los copos de nieve y los arco iris pueden aparecer espontáneamente, sobre la base de leyes simples y elegantes de la física”[7]. Sin embargo, incluso dando el máximo debido a las capacidades causales inherentes del mundo natural, queda una pregunta abierta: ¿por qué existe el mundo natural? De hecho, como reconoce Krauss: “Uno puede preguntar, y muchos lo hacen, ¿De dónde vienen las leyes de la física?”[8]. Siguiendo esta línea de pensamiento, Krauss reconoce que “muchas personas reflexivas son conducidas a la aparente necesidad de la Primera Causa, como Platón, Tomás de Aquino o la moderna Iglesia Católica Romana podría decirlo, y por lo tanto suponer algún ser divino: un creador de todo lo que hay…”[9]. Como argumenta Dallas Willard: “El carácter dependiente de todos los estados físicos, junto con la completitud de la serie de dependencias subyacentes a la existencia de cualquier estado físico dado, lógicamente implica al menos un estado auto existente, y por lo tanto un estado no físico del ser”[10].

Existen, por supuesto, varias versiones independientes del argumento de “primera causa” o “cosmológico”. Lo más relevante en el contexto del libro de Krauss es claramente la forma leibnitziana del argumento, defendida por filósofos contemporáneos como Bruce R. Reichenbach[11], Richard Taylor[12] y William Lane Craig[13]. Este tipo de argumento se puede poner de la siguiente manera:

1) Todo lo que existe tiene una explicación de su existencia, ya sea en la necesidad de su propia naturaleza o en una causa externa.

2) El universo existe.

3) Por lo tanto, el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia.

4) Si el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia, esa explicación es Dios.

5) Por lo tanto, la explicación de la existencia del universo es Dios.

Dado que este es un argumento deductivo lógicamente válido, y dado que el universo obviamente existe, los no teístas deben negar las premisas 1 o 4 para evitar racionalmente la existencia de Dios. Sin embargo, muchos filósofos piensan que la Premisa 1, una versión del “principio de la razón suficiente”, es simplemente evidente por sí misma. Imagina encontrar una pelota translúcida en el suelo del bosque mientras camina. Naturalmente, te preguntarás cómo llegó a estar allí. Si un compañero de excursionismo dice: “Simplemente existe inexplicablemente. ¡No te preocupes por eso!”. No lo tomarías en serio. Supongamos que aumentamos el tamaño de la pelota para que sea tan grande como el planeta. Eso no elimina la necesidad de una explicación. Supongamos que era del tamaño del universo. El mismo problema. En cuanto a la premisa 4: “Si el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia, esa explicación es Dios”, esto es sinónimo con la afirmación atea estándar de que si Dios no existe, entonces el universo no tiene explicación de su existencia. La única alternativa al teísmo es afirmar que el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia   en la necesidad de su propia naturaleza. Pero esto sería un paso muy radical (y no puedo pensar en ningún ateo contemporáneo que lo tome). Después de todo, es coherente imaginar un universo hecho a partir de una colección completamente diferente de quarks/campos/cuerdas que la colección que realmente existe; pero tal universo sería un universo diferente, entonces los universos claramente no existen necesariamente. De hecho, Krauss invoca la posibilidad de otros universos (“Los teóricos han estimado que tal vez haya 10500 universos tetra dimensionales consistentes posibles diferentes que podrían resultar de una única teoría de cuerdas de diez dimensiones”[14]) y esta posibilidad implica que los universos no existen por una necesidad de su propia naturaleza[15].

Supongamos que le pido que me preste un determinado libro, pero usted dice: “No tengo una copia en este momento, pero le pediré a mi amigo que me preste su copia y luego se la prestaré”. Supongamos que su amigo le dice lo mismo a usted, y así sucesivamente. Dos cosas están claras. Primero, si el proceso de pedir prestado el libro continúa ad infinitum, nunca tendré el libro. En segundo lugar, si obtengo el libro, el proceso que me llevó a conseguirlo no puede haber continuado ad infinitum. En alguna parte de la línea de solicitudes para tomar prestado el libro, alguien tenía el libro sin tener que pedirlo prestado. Asimismo, argumenta Richard Purtill, considera cualquier realidad contingente:

“los mismos dos principios se aplican. Si el proceso de todo para obtener su existencia de otra cosa llegara al infinito, entonces la cosa en cuestión nunca [tendría] existencia. Y si la cosa tiene… existencia, entonces el proceso no ha llegado al infinito. Había algo que tenía existencia sin tener que recibirlo de otra cosa…”[16].

Un ser necesario que explica toda la realidad física no puede en sí mismo ser una realidad física. Las únicas posibilidades restantes son un objeto abstracto o una mente inmaterial. Pero los objetos abstractos (incluso otorgando su existencia) son por definición causalmente impotentes. Por lo tanto, la explicación del universo físico es necesariamente una mente existente y trascendente.

Frente al argumento cosmológico, Krauss busca la vieja y cansada objeción en la parte superior de la guía neo-ateísta:

la declaración de una Primera Causa aún deja abierta la pregunta: “¿Quién creó al creador?” Después de todo, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre discutir a favor de un creador eternamente existente, versus un universo eternamente existente sin uno?[17]

En primer lugar, aun suponiendo que la deducción (no mera “declaración”) de una Primera Causa dejara abierta la pregunta secundaria de “¿quién creó al creador?”, esto no proporcionaría ninguna base sobre la cual objetar el argumento cosmológico. La suposición implícita de que una explicación no puede ser la mejor explicación de un conjunto de datos dados a menos que uno tenga disponible una explicación de la explicación (y así sucesivamente) claramente implica una regresión realmente infinita de explicaciones que nunca pueden ser satisfechas. La adhesión a una suposición explicativa tan regresiva haría imposible la ciencia; que es una razón por la cual el argumento de la causa principal es justificado al rechazar la noción de una regresión explicativa realmente infinita. Segundo, el argumento de la Primera Causa no deja abierta la pregunta secundaria de “¿quién creó al creador?”. Krauss simplemente plantea la pregunta en contra del concepto de una no creada Primera Causa, un ser que (a diferencia del universo físico) tiene una explicación de su existencia en la necesidad de su propia naturaleza.

Krauss continúa fusionando el contraste entre las realidades causadas, por un lado, y la Primera Causa, por otro lado, con un contraste vago entre un “universo eternamente existente” y un “creador eternamente existente” (¿significa que Krauss pretende abrazar la posibilidad de una regresión temporal realmente infinita para el cosmos? ¿Está él atento a los debates actuales sobre los diversos modelos de la relación de Dios con el tiempo? Uno no sospecha). Entonces encona la situación al notar que “una regresión infinita de alguna fuerza creadora que se engendra a sí misma… no nos acerca más a lo que da origen al universo”[18]. Por supuesto, un kluge de incoherencias no nos va a ayudar aquí; pero este kludge no guarda ningún parecido relevante con la noción de una Primera causa no causada que creó el universo un tiempo finito atrás.

Krauss objeta que “Definir la pregunta [de los orígenes] argumentando que el dinero se detiene con Dios puede parecer obviar el problema de la regresión infinita, pero aquí invoco mi mantra: El universo es como es, nos guste o no”[19]. Tenga en cuenta que “argumentar que la responsabilidad es de Dios” es, por definición, no una cuestión de simplemente “definir la cuestión” de los orígenes. Argumentar y definir no son actividades sinónimas. Tenga en cuenta también que el argumento de la causa principal hace “obviar el problema de la regresión infinita”. Nótese, finalmente, que el atractivo de Krauss a su mantra de que “el universo es como es, nos guste o no” es un intento desastrosamente equivocado de eludir la lógica del argumento cosmológico al lanzar supuestas aserciones científicas sobre la lógica.

De manera típica, neo-atea, Krauss tiene poco tiempo para la filosofía[20]. Krauss incluso afirma que: “El único conocimiento que tenemos es de experimentos… el único conocimiento que tenemos sobre el mundo es empírico”[21]. Como reflexiona el filósofo ateo de la ciencia Massimo Pigliucci:

No sé qué les pasa a los físicos estos días. Solía ser que eran un grupo intelectualmente sofisticado, con gente como Einstein y Bohr haciendo no solo investigación científica brillante, sino también interesada, respetuosa y versada en otras ramas del conocimiento, particularmente la filosofía. En estos días, es mucho más probable encontrar físicos como Steven Weinberg o Stephen Hawking, que alegremente rechazan la filosofía por las razones equivocadas, y obviamente por una combinación de profunda ignorancia y soberbia (los dos a menudo van juntos, como yo estoy seguro de que Platón felizmente lo señalaría). El más reciente así es Lawrence Krauss, de la Universidad Estatal de Arizona[22].

La falta de respeto de Krauss por la filosofía subyace y por lo tanto socava todo su proyecto. Por ejemplo, argumenta que, si bien la cuestión de los orígenes últimos “generalmente se enmarca como una cuestión filosófica o religiosa, es ante todo una pregunta sobre el mundo natural, y por lo tanto el lugar apropiado para intentar resolverlo, ante todo, es con la ciencia”[23]. Pero esto es para combinar todas las preguntas sobre el mundo natural con las preguntas científicas   sobre el mundo natural. De hecho, puede haber preguntas filosóficas sobre el mundo natural, y la pregunta sobre los orígenes últimos es una de ellas. Tratar de responder a esta pregunta filosófica mientras se deja de lado la filosofía conduce a resultados predecibles.

Por ejemplo, y volviendo al mantra de Krauss, por supuesto   el universo “es como es, nos guste o no”. Sin embargo, una de las formas en que el universo es (“nos guste o no”) que se ajusta a las leyes básicas de la lógica. Uno podría desear un círculo cuadrado, uno podría preferir que 1+1 sea igual a 7, pero sabemos que el universo no lo va a complacer porque estos conceptos son auto contradictorios. De hecho, uno no puede negar la proposición de que “la realidad se ajusta a las leyes básicas de la lógica” sin depender de la conformidad de la realidad con las leyes básicas de la lógica en el proceso mismo de emitir la propia negación. Ciertamente, no se puede basar tal negación en la afirmación de que “El universo es como es, nos guste o no”; esta afirmación es en sí misma simplemente una sustitución de la ley lógica del medio excluido. Argumentar contra la proposición de que la realidad es lógicamente coherente apelando a la afirmación lógicamente coherente de que “El universo es como es, nos guste o no” es lógicamente incoherente[24]

Krauss opina que “sin ciencia, cualquier definición es solo palabras”[25].  Después de lamentar brevemente el destino de nuestros antepasados tratando de hablar antes de la invención de la ciencia, uno podría señalar que Krauss ha reinventado la rueda chueca del positivismo lógico (completa con su extinta teoría verificacionista del significado lingüístico) y su afirmación de que “sin ciencia”, cualquier definición es solo palabras que carecen de sus estructuras. Tal incoherencia lógica es una entre muchas razones por las cuales, como Bruce R. Reichenbach comentó en 1972: “La era ha pasado cuando todas las afirmaciones o argumentos metafísicos simplemente pueden descartarse como tontos o sin sentido, ya que no cumplen un criterio preestablecido de verificabilidad”[26]

Krauss ha sido visto en el abrazo del verificacionismo antes. Randy Everist observa que “el debate [de marzo de 2011] entre Lawrence Krauss y William Lane Craig puso de manifiesto algunas de las afirmaciones de cientificismo en la Nueva comunidad atea. En cierto modo, recuerda mucho al positivismo lógico con A.J. Ayer y los antiguos ateos de principios y mediados del siglo XX”[27].  Durante el tiempo de “Pregunta y respuesta”, Krauss afirmó que “la ciencia hace lo que hace, y determina el sinsentido de los sentidos mediante la prueba[28].  Un asombrado Craig respondió que Krauss:

parece sostener una epistemología que dice que solo debemos creer en lo que puede ser probado científicamente, y … que en sí mismo es una posición auto contradictoria, porque no se puede demostrar científicamente que solo se debe creer en lo que se puede demostrar científicamente. Entonces, cuando dice que “distingue el sentido del sinsentido”, es el verificacionismo de la vieja línea, ¿no es así?, y el positivismo, que salió con los años 30 y 40. Es una posición contraproducente[29].

Como Craig comentó después: “Todavía estoy asombrado… cuando entro en un debate con alguien como Lawrence Krauss, sobre cómo la epistemología del verificacionismo antiguo y el positivismo lógico todavía arroja su larga sombra sobre la cultura occidental”[30]

En la tradición verificacionista, Krauss se queja de que “la religión y la teología… enturbian las aguas… al centrarse en cuestiones de la nada sin proporcionar ninguna definición del término basada en evidencia empírica”[31] — ¡pero, por supuesto, Krauss no puede proporcionar ninguna definición de este criterio de significado basado en evidencia empírica! Tampoco el criterio de significado de Krauss es tautológicamente verdadero (en marcado contraste con el principio tautológico de que “de la nada, nada viene”, a lo que Krauss se opone). Por lo tanto, Krauss se enorgullece de su incapacidad de prestar atención a la filosofía cuando se trata de definir los términos, y este fracaso convierte a la gran mayoría de Un universo de la nada en una búsqueda inútil en la que gasta todas menos 4 páginas (ver páginas 174-178) que abordan preguntas además de la pregunta fundamental de si uno puede obtener un universo de la nada. Como se lamenta el científico ateo Jerry Coyne: “Gran parte del libro era no sobre el origen del universo, pero se ocupó de otros asuntos, como la energía oscura y similares, que ya se habían cubierto en otras obras populares sobre física. De hecho, gran parte del libro de Krauss se sintió como tácticas engañosas”[32].  Esta objeción se desliza fuera de Krauss como el agua en la espalda de un pato:

Nada molesta más a los filósofos y teólogos que están en desacuerdo conmigo que la idea de que yo, como científico, no entiendo realmente “nada”. (Estoy tentado de replicar aquí que los teólogos son expertos en nada). “Nada”, insisten, no es cualquiera de las cosas que discuto. Nada es “no ser”, en un sentido vago y mal definido… Pero… seguramente “nada” es tan físico como “algo”, especialmente si debe definirse como la “ausencia de algo”. Entonces nos corresponde comprender la naturaleza física de estas dos cantidades. Y sin ciencia, cualquier definición es solo palabras[33]

Entrevistado por el compañero neo-ateísta Sam Harris, Krauss asevera vergonzosamente:

el famoso reclamo, “de la nada, nada viene” [es] espurio [porque] la ciencia ha hecho irrelevante el debate de algo de la nada. Ha cambiado por completo nuestra concepción de las palabras “algo” y “nada”… “algo” y “nada” son conceptos físicos y, por lo tanto, son propiamente el dominio de la ciencia, no de la teología o la filosofía[34]

Por desgracia para Krauss, la famosa afirmación de que “de la nada, nada viene” (una reclamación que se remonta a Parménides de Elea en el siglo 5 antes de Cristo) es claramente cierto por definición. Para existir o para ser es ser una cosa u otra, tener una o más propiedades. “Nada”, que es un término de negación universal, es “nada”, es decir, no es algo de ningún tipo. “Nada” no tiene ninguna propiedad (ya que no hay nada allí para tener alguna propiedad). Por definición, entonces, “nada”   no tiene ninguna propiedad capaz de hacer nada   – ciertamente de no crear algo. Por lo tanto, nada puede “salir de” (es decir, ser causado por) nada. Contra Krauss, no hay nada “vago y mal definido” sobre esto (y ni siquiera el criterio vergonzante y auto contradictorio del significado va a beneficiar a Krauss en este momento).

Además, si Krauss quiere decir que niega el principio evidente de razón suficiente y afirma que las cosas pueden simplemente existir o aparecer sin causa o explicación de su existencia, entonces ha abandonado la metafísica seria (de hecho, rechaza explícitamente la metafísica en el nombre del cientifismo). En tal teoría no hay literalmente ninguna razón por la cual el universo existe en lugar de solo un juego de té (y, al contrario de la observación empírica, no hay razón por la cual los juegos de té no fluctúen y desaparezcan al azar sin ningún motivo).

En cuanto a la afirmación de Krauss de que ciertamente “nada” es tan físico como “algo” — por un lado, esto es tan drásticamente idiosincrásico que uno apenas sabe por dónde empezar; mientras que, por otro lado, esta afirmación revela por qué Un universo de la nada es una verdadera escuela de pistas falsas. Enfrentado con la cuestión filosófica de los orígenes últimos, Krauss simplemente cambia el tema para discutir la cuestión científica de cómo una cosa natural (por ejemplo, el Big Bang) podría haber sido causada por alguna otra cosa natural (por ejemplo, un multiverso). Krauss puede quejarse de que “la religión y la teología… enturbia las aguas… centrándose en cuestiones de la nada sin proporcionar ninguna definición del término basado en evidencia empírica”[35] — pero cualquier definición de nada “basada en evidencia empírica” sería una definición de “nada” que no tiene nada que ver con las cuestiones filosóficas de por qué hay algo más que nada, o si la existencia de un ámbito empírico implica o no se explica mejor por un orden de realidad no empírica (metafísico). Por lo tanto, la página 149 de Un Universo de la Nada contiene la franca admisión de que el tipo de “nada” que Krauss ha estado discutiendo hasta ahora es:

la versión más simple de nada, es decir, el espacio vacío. Por el momento, asumiré que el espacio existe, sin nada en absoluto, y que las leyes de la física también existen. Una vez más, me doy cuenta de que en las versiones revisadas de la nada que aquellos que desean redefinir continuamente la palabra para que ninguna definición científica sea práctica, esta versión de la nada no es una razón seria. Sin embargo, sospecho que, en los tiempos de Platón y Tomás de Aquino, cuando reflexionaron sobre por qué había algo en lugar de nada, el espacio vacío sin nada era probablemente una buena aproximación de lo que estaban pensando[36]

Por supuesto, su Krauss que está redefiniendo los términos aquí (además, la única manera en que “algo” y “nada” podrían ser “conceptos físicos”, como afirma Krauss, es sobre la asunción de una metafísica fisicalista, una suposición que hace que una petición de principio al argumento de Krauss en contra de la necesidad por la pregunta del Creador). En lo que los filósofos llaman “lenguaje ordinario”, la nevera del estudiante pobre puede estar “llena de nada”, y no contiene “nada más que espacio vacío”; pero es extremadamente ingenuo esperar que el debate metafísico preciso se desarrolle completamente en “lenguaje ordinario”. Como escribe William E. Caroll: “El deseo de separar las ciencias naturales de la supuesta contaminación de los” juegos de palabras “de la filosofía y la teología no es nuevo; ahora, como siempre, revela un juicio filosófico empobrecido”[37]

Cada disciplina (incluida la ciencia) tiene su propia terminología técnica con su propia historia de uso que debe ser entendida por cualquiera que desee ser parte de la conversación en curso dentro de esa disciplina. La antipatía de Krauss hacia la filosofía significa que comete errores en el debate metafísico sobre los orígenes como un laico mal preparado. Krauss puede “sospechar que, en tiempos de Platón y de Aquino, cuando reflexionaban sobre por qué había algo en lugar de nada, el espacio vacío sin nada era probablemente una buena aproximación de lo que estaban pensando”[38]. Pero estas sospechas están informadas por su propio prejuicio antifilosófico más que por los hechos históricos. Aristóteles ingeniosamente no definió nada como “en qué piensan las rocas”[39].  El punto es, por supuesto, que las rocas no piensan en nada en lo absoluto. Robert J. Spitzer observa que:

Parménides y Platón… usan el término “nada” para significar “nada” (es decir, “aquello que no existe”). No se debe pensar que nada es un vacío o un hueco (que es dimensional y orientable, donde puedes tener más o menos espacio); y ciertamente no es una ley física. En la medida en que las leyes de la física tienen efectos físicos reales, deben considerarse como algo físico[40]

Paul Copan informa:

Agustín argumentó que dado que solo Dios es el Ser, quiso hacer existir lo que antes no existía. Entonces él no es un simple modelador de la materia primordial eterna y sin forma: ” No trabajaste como lo hace un artesano humano, haciendo una cosa de otra cosa como su mente lo dirige… Tu Palabra sola creó [el cielo y la tierra]”[41]

Del mismo modo, cuando Tomás de Aquino escribe acerca de “nada” en su argumento de la “tercera vía”, ciertamente parece tener en mente el concepto tradicional de la nada absoluta:

lo que no existe empieza a existir solamente a través de algo que ya existe. Por lo tanto, si en algún momento no existiera nada, hubiera sido imposible que algo hubiera comenzado a existir; y así ahora nada existiría, lo cual es absurdo[42]

De hecho, el propio Krauss se refiere en otro lugar a la definición ontológica clásica de nada como “la ausencia de algo”…[43] Krauss admite en la página 152 de Un universo de la nada que “sería falso proponer que el espacio vacío dotado de energía, que impulsa la inflación, realmente no sea nada[44]. En la página 172, Krauss reconoce: “Todos los ejemplos que he proporcionado hasta ahora implican la creación de algo de lo que uno debería estar tentado a considerar como nada, pero las reglas para esa creación, es decir, las leyes de la física, fueron preestablecidas. ¿De dónde vienen las reglas?”[45].  Así Stephen Hawking pregunta:

Incluso si solo hay una teoría unificada posible, es solo un conjunto de reglas y ecuaciones. ¿Qué es lo que inhala fuego en las ecuaciones y crea un universo para describir? El enfoque habitual de la ciencia de construir un modelo matemático no puede responder a las preguntas de por qué debería haber un universo para describir el modelo. ¿Por qué el universo se toma la molestia de existir?[46]

La pregunta de Hawking — evitada por Krauss (ver páginas 142 y 172-174) — deja de lado la cuestión de qué ontología se puede atribuir a las leyes físicas en la supuesta ausencia de realidad física para describirlas o alguna mente que las conciba. Como dice el ateo Peter Atkins: “Debes darte cuenta de que las leyes físicas, que son resúmenes de la conducta observada, comienzan a existir a medida que el universo llega a la existencia…”[47]

En la página 174 de Universo de la nada, Krauss todavía no se ha acercado a la pregunta del millón de dólares: “Me he centrado en la creación de algo a partir de un espacio vacío preexistente o en la creación de espacio vacío sin espacio alguno… Tengo sin embargo, no abordado, directamente… lo que algunos pueden ver como la cuestión de la Primera Causa[48]. Ninguno de los venerables filósofos mencionados por Krauss habría confundido ninguna de sus especulaciones sobre el cosmos que surge de una realidad naturalista preexistente u otra, con lo que Leibniz llamó “la primera pregunta” de “por qué existe algo más que nada”. Tampoco Sam Harris, quien en el curso de una entrevista con Krauss comentó:

Usted ha descrito tres gradaciones de la nada: el espacio vacío, la ausencia de espacio y la ausencia de leyes físicas. Me parece que esta última condición -la ausencia de leyes que pudieran haber causado o restringido el surgimiento de la materia y el espacio –tiempo– es realmente un caso de “nada” en el sentido más estricto. Me parece genuinamente incomprensible que cualquier cosa (leyes, energía, etc.) pueda brotar de ella[49]

David Albert, un filósofo ateo de la física de la Universidad de Columbia, es devastador en su reseña de Un universo de la nada:

Las leyes fundamentales de la naturaleza… no tienen ninguna relación con las cuestiones de dónde provienen las cosas elementales, o de por qué el mundo debería haber consistido en las cosas elementales particulares que hace, como en contra de algo más, o a nada en absoluto. Las leyes físicas fundamentales de las que Krauss habla en Un universo de la nada – las leyes de las teorías cuánticas de campo relativistas – no son una excepción a esto. La… materia física elemental del mundo, de acuerdo con las presentaciones estándar de las teorías cuánticas de campo relativistas, consiste (como era de esperar) en campos cuánticos relativistas. Y las leyes fundamentales de esta teoría… no tienen nada que decir sobre el tema de dónde provienen esos campos, o de por qué el mundo debería haber consistido en los tipos particulares de campos que hace, o de por qué debería haber consistido en campos, o de por qué debería haber habido un mundo en primer lugar. Y punto. Caso cerrado. Fin de la historia… Krauss parece estar pensando que estos estados de vacío equivalen a la versión teórica de campo cuántico relativista de no ser nada físico en absoluto. Y tiene un argumento, o cree que lo hace, de que las leyes de las teorías cuánticas de campo relativistas implican que los estados de vacío son inestables. Y eso, en pocas palabras, es la cuenta que él propone de por qué debería haber algo en lugar de nada. Pero eso no está bien. Los estados de vacío teórico de campos cuánticos relativistas, no menos que jirafas o refrigeradores o sistemas solares, son arreglos particulares de material físico elemental. El verdadero equivalente teórico-campo-cuantitativo relativista de que no haya ningún material físico en absoluto no es esta o esa disposición particular de los campos – ¡lo que es (obviamente, e ineluctablemente, y por el contrario) es la simple ausencia de los campos! El hecho de que algunos arreglos de campos correspondan a la existencia de partículas y otros no, no es más misterioso que el hecho de que algunos de los posibles arreglos de mis dedos correspondan a la existencia de un puño y algunos no. Y el hecho de que las partículas pueden aparecer y desaparecer, con el tiempo, a medida que esos campos se reordenan, no es más misterioso que el hecho de que los puños puedan aparecer y desaparecer con el tiempo a medida que mis dedos se reordenen. Y ninguno de estos golpeteos… asciende a algo ni remotamente en el vecindario de una creación de la nada[50]

En una demostración reveladora de arrogancia intelectual, Krauss respondió públicamente a la crítica de Albert diciendo que “él es un filósofo, no un físico, así que lo descarté”[51] (de hecho, mientras David Albert es el Profesor Frederick E. Woodbridge de Filosofía en la Universidad de Columbia, tiene un doctorado en Física Teórica de la Universidad Rockefeller).

Cuando finalmente Krauss dirige su atención a la pregunta sobre el título de su libro, reconoce “dos posibilidades”. O bien… algún ser divino que no esté sujeto a las leyes o surgen por algún mecanismo menos sobrenatural”[52]. Por un lado, cualquier “mecanismo” naturalista debe involucrar a alguna ley física u otra (y, por lo tanto, uno pensaría, alguna realidad física descrita por esa ley), que proporciona nada más que una nueva forma de plantear la cuestión fundamental de los orígenes: “¿Por qué existe esta ley?”. Por otro lado, si el “mecanismo” que Krauss tiene en mente no es naturalista, entonces Krauss se confiesa que solo le queda una opción: Un universo de alguien .En los cuernos de este dilema, la ventanilla de emergencia de Krauss es un intento auto contradictorio de utilizar la autoridad de la ciencia para negar la autoridad de la lógica:

La “regla” metafísica, que se mantiene como una convicción férrea por aquellos con quienes he debatido el tema de la creación, es decir que “de la nada nada viene” no tiene fundamento en la ciencia[53]

De hecho, ninguna de las leyes de la lógica (todas las cuales deben preponerse bajo el dolor de la incoherencia) tiene un “fundamento en la ciencia”; pero ¡¿y qué?! “Argumentando que es evidente por sí mismo, inquebrantable e inexpugnable [que “de la nada, nada viene”], alega Krauss, representa “una falta de voluntad para reconocer el simple hecho de que la naturaleza puede ser más inteligente que los filósofos o los teólogos”[54].  ¡De ningún modo! Más bien, representa una voluntad de reconocer el simple hecho de que la lógica es innegable y que las proposiciones incoherentes son necesariamente falsas. Como dice William Lane Craig: “Si la alternativa al teísmo es negar la lógica, bueno, me parece que el no teísta está realmente en graves problemas allí; nunca más podrán decir que los teístas son irracionales por creer lo que creemos”[55]

Aferrándose a una última gota lógica (nótese que se involucra en el doble estándar de responsabilizar a los teístas de la lógica y exime al ateísmo del mismo deber), Krauss hace una objeción que solo sirve para revelar su incapacidad para comprender lo que significa el doctrina de la creación “ex nihilo”:

Aquellos que argumentan que de la nada nada viene parecen perfectamente satisfechos con la noción quijotesca de que de alguna manera Dios puede evitar esto. Pero una vez más, si uno requiere que la noción de verdadera nada requiera ni siquiera el   potencial para la existencia, entonces seguramente Dios no puede obrar sus maravillas, porque si Él causa existencia de la no existencia, debe haber existido el potencial para la existencia[56]

Aquellos que argumentan que “de la nada nada viene” no están contentos con la noción incoherente de que “Dios puede evitar esto”. Mientras que la verdadera nada, por supuesto, requiere ni siquiera el   potencial para existir (debido a que cualquier potencial debe basarse en algo real), los teístas no creen que Dios creando el universo es un ejemplo de algo que viene de la nada, ya que por supuesto creen que Dios existe (necesariamente) y que el potencial para la existencia de todo fuera de Dios existe en Dios.

Krauss obviamente está trabajando bajo la falsa impresión de que la creación ex nihilo   significa “creación de la nada”, como si “nada” fuera una especie de algo usado de algún modo por un Dios inexistente en la creación del cosmos. Sin embargo, para crear ex nihilo es, por definición, no una cuestión de reorganizar cosas preexistentes, y ciertamente no de reordenar una “nada” preexistente, sino más bien de organizar para que hayan cosas de algún tipo u otro (fuera de Dios) en primer lugar. En otras palabras, la doctrina de la creación ex nihilo distingue entre crear mediante la reorganización de “cosas” preexistentes (por ejemplo, el tipo de creación concebida por Platón para su “Demiurgo”) y crear una nueva forma de realidad (como un universo) sin usar “cosas preexistentes” (por ejemplo, Génesis 1:1)[57]. Los filósofos llaman al segundo tipo de creación “creatio ex nihilo“, que significa “creación [por un creador], no de elementos preexistentes”. La creencia en un ser necesariamente existente que fundamenta el potencial para la existencia de cosas contingentes y que actualiza ese potencial mediante un acto de omnipotencia libremente elegido es una respuesta lógicamente coherente a la pregunta de por qué existe el universo físico. Además, esta respuesta está respaldada por el argumento cosmológico.

Frente a la respuesta lógicamente coherente respaldada por el argumento cosmológico de Leibniz, a Krauss le gustaría cambiar el tema: “Lo que es realmente útil no es reflexionar sobre esta cuestión…”[58]. Como resultado, produce un libro que está abrumadoramente dedicado a preguntas además del de la portada. El prejuicio antifilosófico de Krauss lo lleva a adoptar una posición verificacionalista que los filósofos abandonaron hace tiempo como auto contradictoria y a jugar con el rechazo de la cuestión fundamental de los orígenes como sin sentido. A pesar de esto, Krauss gasta un puñado de páginas intentando explicar por qué hay algo en lugar de nada. El intento lo lleva a plantear la pregunta contra el teísmo, a rechazar la lógica en nombre de la ciencia y a adoptar un doble estándar. Este kludge de falacias convenció a Richard Dawkins de poner su nombre a la afirmación incoherente de que “la nada es inestable: algo estaba casi obligado a surgir de ella”[59], que solo muestra cuán intelectualmente inestables son los fundamentos del neo-ateísmo.

Recursos recomendados

(Video) William Lane Craig, ‘Why Does Anything at All Exist?’ (¿Por qué existe algo?) www.reasonablefaith.org/media/why-does-anything-at-all-exist-nflc-north-carolina

(Video) William Lane Craig, ‘Who Designed The Designer?’ (¿Quién diseñó el diseñador?) www.reasonablefaith.org/media/who-designed-the-designer

(Video) William Lane Craig vs. Lawrence M. Krauss, ‘Is There Evidence For God?’ (¿Hay evidencia para Dios?) www.reasonablefaith.org/media/craig-vs-krauss-north-carolina-state-university

(Audio) Justin Brierley, ” ‘Unbelievable: A Universe From Nothing?’ (Increíble : ¿Un universo de la nada?)Lawrence Krauss vs. Rodney Holder ‘   www.premierradio.org.uk/listen/ondemand.aspx?mediaid =% 7B02949395-E52F-4784-BF29-3A3138738B0B% 7D

(Audio) William Lane Craig, ‘A Universe From Nothing’ (Un universo de la nada) www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing

(Audio) William Lane Craig, ‘Lawrence Krauss On Creation Out Of Nothing’ (En la creación de la nada) www.reasonablefaith.org/lawrence-krauss-on-creation-out-of-nothing

David Albert, ‘On the Origin of Everything’ (Sobre el origen de todo) www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from-nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html

Ross Anderson, ‘Has Physics Made Philosophy and Religion Obsolete?’ The Atlantic (¿La física hizo que la filosofía y la religión fueran obsoletas? El Atlántico)   www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/04/has-physics-made-philosophy-and-religion-obsolete/256203/

William E. Caroll, ‘The Science of Nothing’ (La ciencia de la nada) www.catholicworldreport.com/Item/1259/the_science_of_nothing.aspx

Paul Copan, ‘Is Creatio Ex Nihilo A Post-Biblical Invention? An Examination of Gerhard May’s Proposal’ (¿Es Creatio Ex Nihilo una invención posbíblica?Un examen de la propuesta de Gerhard May) www.earlychurch.org.uk/article_exnihilo_copan.html

William Lane Craig, ‘Atheist Physicist’s Repudiation of Logic and Probability Theory’ (Repudio a la teoría lógica y de probabilidad del físico ateo) www.reasonablefaith.org/atheistic-physicists-repudiation-of-logic-and-probability-theory

Sam Harris, ‘Everything and Nothing: An Interview with Lawrence M. Krauss’ (Todo y nada: una entrevista con Lawrence M. Krauss) http://richarddawkins.net/articles/644472-everything-and-nothing-an-interview-with-lawrence-krauss

John Horgan, ‘Science Will Never Explain Why There’s Something Rather Than Nothing’ Scientific American (April 23rd, 2012) (La ciencia nunca le explicará por qué hay algo en lugar de nada, Scientific American [23 de abril de 2012]) http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/2012/04/23/science-will-never- explicar por qué hay algo más que nada

Massimo Pigliucci, ‘Lawrence Krauss: another physicist with an anti-philosophy complex’ (Lawrence Krauss: otro físico con un complejo antifilosofía ) http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/lawrence-krauss-another-physicist-with.html

Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Cosmological Argument : A Reassessment (El argumento cosmológico: una reevaluación) (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972)

Richard Taylor, ‘The Cosmological Argument: A Defence’ (El argumento cosmológico: una defensa) http://mind.ucsd.edu/syllabi/02-03/01w/readings/taylor.pdf

Peter S. Williams, ‘Who Made God?’ (¿Quién hizo Dios?) www.bethinking.org/who-are-you-god/introductory/who-made-god.htm

Peter S. Williams, ‘Cambridge Union Debate (with analysis): This House Believes God Is Not A Delusion’ (Debate de Cambridge Union (con análisis): esta casa cree que Dios no es una ilusión) www.bethinking.org/who-are-you-god/advanced/cambridge-union-society-debate-an-analysis .htm

Notas 

[1] Richard Dawkins, “Epílogo”, Un universo de la nada, p. 191.

[2] Lawrence M. Krauss, Un universo de la nada: ¿por qué hay algo en lugar de nada? (London: Free Pres, 2012), p. xi.

[3] ibid.

[4] Lawrence M. Krauss, “Lawrence M. Krauss, on A Universe From Nothing”, Time Out , Sydney www.au.timeout.com/sydney/aroundtown/features/10453/lawrence-m.-krauss-on- a-universo-de-nada

[5] Lawrence Krauss en Sam Harris, ‘Everything and Nothing: An Interview with Lawrence M. Krauss’ (Todo y nada: una entrevista con Lawrence M. Krauss) http://richarddawkins.net/articles/644472-everything-and-nothing-an-interview-with-lawrence-krauss

[6] Krauss, “A Universe From Nothing” (Un universo de la nada), op cit.

[7] ibid.

[8] ibid.

[9] ibid, p. xii.

[10] Dallas Willard, ‘The Three-Stage Argument for the Existence of God’ in Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology (El argumento de tres etapas para la existencia de Dios en las perspectivas contemporáneas sobre la epistemología religiosa) (ed.Douglas Geivett y Brendan Sweetman; Oxford University Press, 1992).

[11] cf. Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Cosmological Argument: A Reassessment(El argumento cosmológico: una reevaluación) (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972).

[12] cf. Richard Taylor, ‘The Cosmological Argument: A Defence’ (El argumento cosmológico: una defensa) http://mind.ucsd.edu/syllabi/02-03/01w/readings/taylor.pdf

[13] cf. William Lane Craig, ‘Why Does Anything at All Exist?’ (¿Por qué existe algo?)  www.reasonablefaith.org/media/why-does-anything-at-all-exist-nflc-north-carolina

[14] Krauss, op cit, p. 134.

[15] Calum Miller makes the same point in the context of his debate with Peter Atkins, cf. (Calum Miller hace el mismo punto en el contexto de su debate con Peter Atkins, cf.) http://dovetheology.com/apologetics/atkins/

[16] Richard Purtill citado por Charles Taliaferro, Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (Filosofía contemporánea de la religión) (Blackwells, 2001), p. 358-359.

[17] Krauss, op cit.

[18] ibid.

[19] ibid.

[20] cf. Peter Atkins vs. William Lane Craig, ‘Does God Exist?’ (¿Existe Dios?)  www.bethinking.org/who-are-you-god/advanced/does-god-exist-bill-craig-debates-peter-atkins.htm & Kari Enqvist vs. William Lane Craig, ‘Can the Universe Exist Without God?’ (¿Puede el Universo existir sin Dios?)www.reasonablefaith.org/media/craig-vs-enqvist-helsinki

[21] Lawrence M. Krauss, ‘Unbelievable: A Universe From Nothing? (Increíble: ¿un universo de la nada?)Lawrence Krauss vs. Rodney Holder’ www.premierradio.org.uk/listen/ondemand.aspx?mediaid =% 7B02949395-E52F-4784-BF29-3A3138738B0B% 7D

[22] Massimo Pigliucci, “Lawrence Krauss: another physicist with an anti-philosophy complex (otro físico con una compleja antifilosofía)http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/lawrence-krauss-another-physicist-with.html

[23] Krauss, op cit, xiii.

[24] cf. William Lane Craig, ‘Atheist Physicist’s Repudiation of Logic and Probability Theory’ (Repudio a la teoría lógica y de probabilidad del físico ateo) www.reasonablefaith.org/atheistic-physicists-repudiation-of-logic-and-probability-theory

[25] Krauss, op cit, xiv.

[26] Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Cosmological Argument: A Reassessment (El argumento cosmológico: una reevaluación) (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972), p. ix.

[27] Randy Everist, ‘Can Science Explain Everything?’ (¿Puede la ciencia explicar todo?) http://randyeverist.blogspot.com/2011/04/can-science-explain-everything.html

[28] Lawrence Krauss, debate con William Lane Craig 2011, cf. http://winteryknight.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/audio-and-video-from-the-debate-between-william-lane-craig-and-lawrence-krauss/

[29] ibid.

[30] William Lane Craig, Podcast sobre la Fe Razonable, 12 de junio de 2011.

[31] ibid, xvi.

[32] Jerry Coyne, ‘David Alberts pans Lawrence Krauss’ New Book’ (David Alberts presenta el nuevo libro de Lawrence Krauss) http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/david-albert-pans-lawrence-krausss-new-book/

[33] Krauss, op cit, xiii-xiv.

[34] Krauss en Harris, ‘Everything and Nothing: An Interview with Lawrence M. Krauss’ (Todo y nada: una entrevista con Lawrence M. Krauss), op cit.

[35] Krauss, Un universo de la nada, op cit, xvi.

[36] ibid, p. 149.

[37] Caroll, op cit.

[38] Krauss, op cit.

[39] Aristóteles, citado por Ravi Zacharias, Can Man Live Without God (¿Puede el hombre vivir sin Dios?) (Word, 1994), p. 131.

[40] Robert J. Spitzer, ‘The curious metaphysics of Dr Stephen Hawking’ (La curiosa metafísica del Dr. Stephen Hawking) www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0119.htm

[41] Paul Copan, ‘Is Creatio Ex Nihilo A Post-Biblical Invention? An Examination of Gerhard May’s Proposal’ (¿Es Creatio Ex Nihilo una invención post-bíblica? Un examen de la propuesta de Gerhard May) www.earlychurch.org.uk/article_exnihilo_copan.html

[42] Thomas Aquinas, citado por Robert E. Maydole, The Third Ways Modalized (Las Terceras Formas Modalizadas) www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Reli/ReliMayd.htm

[43] Lawrence M. Krauss, ‘The Consolation of Philosophy’ (La consolación de la filosofía) www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id = the-consolation-of-philos & page = 3

[44] Krauss, A Universe From Nothing (Un universo de la nada , op cit, p. 152.

[45] ibid, p. 172.

[46] Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (Una breve historia del tiempo)   http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking

[47] Peter Atkins, ‘Does God Exist?’ (¿Existe Dios?)http://youtu.be/NhIr9OQBst0

[48] Krauss, op cit, p. 174.

[49] Harris, An Interview with Lawrence M. Krauss’ (Todo y nada: una entrevista con Lawrence M. Krauss), op cit.

[50] David Albert, ‘On the Origin of Everything’ (Sobre el origen de todo) www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from-nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html

[51] Lawrence Krauss en Justin Brierley, ‘Unbelievable: A Universe From Nothing? (Increíble: ¿Un universo de la nada?)Lawrence Krauss vs. Rodney Holder’ www.premierradio.org.uk/listen/ondemand.aspx?mediaid =% 7B02949395-E52F-4784-BF29-3A3138738B0B% 7D

[52] Krauss, A Universe From Nothing (Un universo de la nada), op cit, p. 172.

[53] ibid, p. 174.

[54] ibid.

[55] William Lane Craig, ‘Can the Universe Exist Without God?’ (¿Puede el Universo existir sin Dios?)www.reasonablefaith.org/media/craig-vs-enqvist-helsinki

[56] Krauss, op cit, p. 174.

[57] cf. Paul Copan, ‘Is Creatio Ex Nihilo A Post-Biblical Invention? An Examination of Gerhard May’s Proposal’ (¿Es Creatio Ex Nihilo una invención posbíblica? Un examen de la propuesta de Gerhard May) www.earlychurch.org.uk/article_exnihilo_copan.html

[58] Krauss, op cit, p. 178.

[59] Dawkins, ‘Afterword’, ibid, p. 189.

 


Blog Original: http://bit.ly/2HyFpgr

Traducido y editado por María Andreina Cerrada

By Terrell Clemmons

Mike Adams hopped off a bus in front of a small prison on the outskirts of Quito, Ecuador. A visiting professorship in South America had brought him here this damp morning to interview prisoners and guards as part of a human rights mission. It was just after 9:00 am on March 7th, 1996. At this point in his life, the thirty-one-year-old tenured professor of Criminology was a radical, hardened, and very angry atheist. Three hours later, he would walk out a different man.

A young prisoner named Pedro met him at the main gate and served as his guide. Pedro had been in for four years for forging a passport. He’d been acquitted, but his family was still raising the required fee to “process” his release. Once inside the inner gates, Mike nearly keeled over when he took his next breath. Human waste, unwashed bodies, and pools of coagulated filth that stuck to your shoes after you walked through it made for an insufferable stench. When they approached the kitchen, the smell of rotten food aggravated the assault on his senses, but what he saw outside the kitchen assaulted his psyche even more.

A teenage boy – he was at most eighteen – was getting a severe beating. What offense he’d committed, Mike didn’t know, but it almost sounded like his bones were breaking as they struck him mercilessly. Tenemos visitas, ¡pare! Someone shouted. “Stop, we have visitors!” and the club dropped. The helpless youth, shaking as he was being carried out, lifted his eyes as if to say, Gracias señor, for coming through when you did. At that point, the professor’s composure started to unravel.

He spoke for quite some time with another prisoner. This man had a Bible in his bunk, along with several pictures of Jesus. Pictures of Jesus look different in South American prisons, Mike noted. You can see pain, the crown of thorns, and blood. This prisoner was the father of two small children, one of whom he’d yet to meet, and even though he’d been waiting for two years for his trial (if convicted, his sentence would have been about two months), he said he had faith that everything would be okay. Mike saw peace. The prisoner shook his hand warmly when Mike left his cell and thanked him for coming to visit.

Mike walked out of prison in emotional shock. A guard with a machine gun slammed the gate behind him as he stood out front, paralyzed. The smell lingering about him was hideous. He thought of the prisoner he’d spoken with, whose name he didn’t even know. He’s happier than I am, Mike thought. He looked up at a statue of the Virgin Mary perched on a nearby hilltop. It was huge – kind of dingy and not very well taken care of, and Mike continued to stare at it without moving.

“I was wrong,” he finally said out loud.

A Born Rebel

The son of a Christian mother and an atheist father, young Mike had been something of a rebel all his life. Baptized at age 10, he grew up in a Texas Baptist church, but he preferred girls and soccer over God and school. He flunked high school English for four years straight, graduating with a GPA of 1.8. Underwhelming academics notwithstanding, he enrolled in college and started to study psychology.

Before long, after delving into Freud and Skinner, he simply announced one day that he was an agnostic. Then nine years later, as a graduate student, he told a friend, again rather abruptly, that he was an atheist. The blunt profession surprised him almost as much as it did his friend, but by this time, his life had become such a mad mix of sex, drugs, and rock and roll that anything was possible. Somehow, though, even in that haze, supporting himself financially by playing the guitar and juicing himself physically by popping amphetamines, he managed to earn his doctorate in Criminology and get hired on at the University of North Carolina – Wilmington to teach criminal justice.

Upended
In hindsight, he calls the four years following that prison visit, where his atheism along with any delusions of moral relativism had died in the span of about three hours, his “floating period.” The Christianity of his youth lay beneath the ruins, but returning to the church was another matter altogether. His heartfelt shame from his past life, while his head (He’d been a very outspoken atheist) imagined people snickering, “What is Mike Adams doing here at church?” It took another prison visit to propel him out of the water and onto solid ground.

Revolutionized
On December 30th, 1999, he spent three hours on death row with John Paul Penry, a convicted rapist, and murderer who was scheduled to be executed in two weeks. Penry was mentally retarded, and Mike had been teaching his case for several years. Just before they parted, Penry quoted a Bible verse to him. He misquoted it, actually, but he got enough of it right that Mike recognized it as John 3:16. Penry had learned to read in prison, and said he’d read the whole Bible. Mike reflected on the fact that this man with an IQ somewhere in the 50s had read the entire Bible – could even quote from it. I haven’t read it, he thought to himself. But this retarded guy has.

That did it. A few nights later, he sneaked into Barnes and Noble just before closing to buy a Bible. Over the next several months, he read it, front to back, along with a few other books he’d picked up by C.S. Lewis and Chuck Colson. By the end of this intellectual exercise, the formerly floating ex-atheist had found satisfactory answers to all the questions that had lured him into atheism, and his faith was solidified. When a friend mentioned that she’d been thinking about going back to church, Would he go with her? The professor’s turnabout was complete.

Fearless for a Cause

Which set him completely at odds with the prevailing campus milieu. He really didn’t set out to become a radical professor-provocateur, but Mike Adams had never been one to “go along to get along.” It started when he’d get snarky over some of the absurd and utterly stupid content of campus emails. He tried to point out the hypocrisy, narrow-mindedness, intellectual dishonesty, and appalling lack of balance and abuse of authority running rampant in their little corner of academia. But instead of responding to the facts he presented, the offending colleagues either ignored him, or when that didn’t work, threw temper tantrums, called him names, or tried to intimidate him into silence.

So he took the message to a wider audience and started writing a column for Agape Press. When Rush Limbaugh read one of them on air the following spring, Mike Adams was catapulted, almost overnight, onto the national platform he enjoys today.

They had picked the wrong guy to try to intimidate. “There is clearly something wrong with me,” he says, point blank serious. “I should be deathly terrified of the way that I confront radical Muslim extremists. I should be concerned for my life; I should be concerned for my job. I’m not afraid of those things,” he says. “But it’s worse than that,” and here his voice drops to a whisper. “I enjoy it.”

He admits to stamping his feet sometimes, and even howling with laughter as he writes. Skewering political correctness on campus can be as easy as shooting fish in a barrel, he says, because his colleagues provide him with an endless supply of material. “They accuse me of making stuff up, but I can’t. I’m not that sick. I’m not on drugs anymore,”

He really isn’t, but you might wonder, now and again, when you read his extraordinarily entertaining twists of wit. For example, when the University’s new LGBTQIA Resource Center announced its opening last spring, (That “veritable alphabet soup of liberal victim-hood,” as he put it, stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning, Intersexed, and Ally.) he wrote the faculty advisor immediately. “We have an African American Center, a Women’s Center, El Centro Hispano, and now an LGBTQIA Resource Center,” he pointed out. “Have you ever considered starting a Conservative Professor Resource Center? It wouldn’t cost much money. You could just stick me in a cage in the middle of the campus and let the liberal professors walk by and gaze in wonder.”

Driven by a Calling

But, entertaining as his columns are, with titles like, “You Aren’t Bipolar, You’re Just a Jerk,” “Put Lipstick on a Feminist, and She’s Still a Prig,” and “Diversity and Perversity at my Little University,” don’t mistake Dr. Mike Adams for a mere feisty humorist. This is a man driven by a deep sense of purpose who takes very seriously his positioning to expose the derelictions of duty being perpetrated and passed off as higher education. It drives him daily to serve up the straight-shooting truth – delightfully refreshing or devastatingly exacting, depending on which side of it you stand – for readers, yes, but more immediately for students whose very souls are at risk of getting eaten alive by wolves cleverly disguised as university administrators.

“In a time of universal deceit,” wrote George Orwell, “speaking the truth is a revolutionary act.” Dr. Adams says his greatest joy comes when he’s effected positive change in a student’s life, whether it’s an atheist becoming a Christian; a Communist becoming a freedom fighter; a relativist learning to reason, or simply an internet-surfer picking up books and starting to read. In whatever condition they come to him, Dr. Adams gives his students and readers the truth. The power of truth to revolutionize takes it from there.

Mike Adams writes a nationally syndicated column for Townhall.com and is the author of Welcome to the Ivory Tower of Babel and Feminists Say the Darndest Things.

Click here to hear Dr. Adams on Campus Speech Codes at CPAC 2011.

This article first appeared in Salvo 14, Fall 2010.

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2p8GggZ

By Terrell Clemmons

Dear Mick,

They say fools rush in where angels fear to tread. This territory is contentious, but I’m neither rushing in nor fearful to tread. You have pushed me to the wall, all but demanding a response from me, so here goes. Yes, I have seen the news reports about gay teens who have taken their own lives, including the most highly publicized one, Tyler Clementi, the Rutgers University freshman who jumped off the George Washington Bridge after his sexual encounter was filmed and broadcast on the web. Yes, I agree with you that teen death is always tragic, and when it comes to suicide, it’s especially heart-wrenching. Yes, I have seen the videos posted online by celebrities, calling for an end to harassment of gays, and yes, I have heard your cries for action.

I certainly won’t argue with, “Stop the bullying.” Aggression and abuse are never acceptable.

So why do you overlook the actual aggressors? Instead of calling them to account, you have leveled your sights on something else. At bottom, your demand really isn’t, “End the bullying.” It’s, “End the religion-based teachings about homosexuality.”

About Defamation

It’s a chorus that’s been building for over a decade. In 1998, after Matthew Shepard, a gay University of Wyoming student, was abducted, beaten, and left for dead by two local thugs, NBC Today show host Katie Couric also ignored the perpetrators and questioned whether Christian organizations such as Focus on the Family might be responsible, having created “a climate of hate.” As I read Crisis: 40 Stories Revealing the Personal, Social, and Religious Pain and Trauma of Growing Up Gay in America, I heard the same theme. The primary impediment to gays’ mental health and wholeness, according to Mitchell Gold who collected and edited the stories, is religion-based bigotry and religious intolerance. Not bigotry, but religion-based bigotry. Not intolerance, but religious intolerance.

Now the meme has gone global. That became apparent in the NPR article you showed me recently.  “Christians?” you asked, one eyebrow raised. A lawmaker in Uganda introduced a bill imposing the death penalty for some homosexual acts and life in prison for others. I read the article, wondering exactly how Christianity played into this development. It didn’t. The reporter had drawn that conclusion for readers, adding in the final sentence, “The legislation was drawn up following a visit by leaders of U.S. conservative Christian ministries that promote therapy they say allows gays to become heterosexual.”

That conclusion dovetails with your grievance. I and people like me have the blood of gay teens and many others on our hands. I’ll grant you this, Mick. Where others stop at dropping hints, you do have the chutzpah to come right out with it.

About Intolerance

So I will be equally straightforward. As I write this, I am wearing a purple t-shirt. Today was designated by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLADD) as “Wear Purple Day,” to raise awareness and “bring an end to intolerance” in honor of the deceased teens. As a mother of three, I am moved by the plight of troubled teens too, but there’s more to my personal “Wear Purple Day” than yours. I will explain.

My purple shirt also has a cross on it, and on the back you can read, “I’m souled out, are you?” Yes, Mick, it’s a play on words that refers to my religious convictions. I bring that into the discussion because you seem to have a bigger problem with my personal convictions concerning sex and morality than you do with the actual crimes that have been committed.

Fortunately, the legal system hasn’t taken your approach. The boys who killed Matthew Shepard are sitting behind bars, and probably will be for the rest of their earthly lives. Likewise, the students accused of webcasting the escapades of Tyler Clementi are under investigation by local authorities, as are the perpetrators of other crimes you’ve brought to my attention. (You call them hate crimes. I just call them crimes.) But this doesn’t seem to matter to you. What matters to you is that people like me be called upon to either change our beliefs or … or what, Mick? The cries are increasingly sounding like a threat, “Endorse homosexuality or else!”

About Harassment

I have not asked you to live by my code. But you are demanding that I adopt yours. To be honest, Mick, I’m starting to feel bullied. In recent months, you have called me, directly or indirectly, a bigot, a homophobe, a hater, an extremist, and now a virtual murderer. To the best of my memory, I haven’t called you anything but Mick. Honestly, who’s harassing whom?

I could make the dissension between us go away overnight by mouthing a blessing on your homosexuality. It would make my life easier, but I can’t do that. My conscience won’t let me. In fact, to be gut-level honest, Mick, love won’t let me. Love for you and for those teens struggling to figure out love in a hyper-sexualized culture. You see, I believe homosexuality is less than what God made you for. You may be content with it (though I would venture your escalating demands for affirmation suggest otherwise), but there are many who aren’t.

About Questioning Sexuality

College professor J. Budziszewski records a poignant conversation with a graduate student in his book, Ask Me Anything, that illustrates the soul-searching is going on among today’s youth.

Adam had been living the gay life for five years, but he was growing disillusioned with it. He had no problem finding sex, but even in steady relationships, the lack of intimacy and faithfulness was getting him down. “I’m starting to want … I don’t know. Something more,” he said.

“I follow you,” the professor said.

“Another thing,” Adam went on. “I want to be a Dad.” His gay friends couldn’t relate to that. Get a turkey baster and make an arrangement with a lesbian, they said. But he didn’t find the joke funny.

And there was one more thing. He’d started thinking about God. He’d been to a gay church, but something about it didn’t sit right. Adam was confused, and he’d come to Dr. Budziszewski to get the Big Picture about sex.

I don’t know what you might have said to Adam, but I know what one prominent gay author counsels. In Growing Up Gay in America: Informative and Practical Advice for Teen Guys Questioning Their Sexuality and Growing Up Gay, Jason Rich recommends making contact, anonymously online if necessary, with other gays. “You can also access the tremendous amount of gay pornography on the Internet and see, for example, if hot naked guys and/or sexual images of guys having sex with other guys actually turns you on,” he adds.

About Discrimination

Adam had already tried all those things and found them wanting. Now he was thinking about leaving homosexuality. Which leads to a subject that is even more contentious for you. Ex-gays. Mick, you have a lot to say about gays being mistreated, but it appears to me the most abused and reviled group of people in America today is not gays, but ex-gays. The Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays (PFOX), a non-profit advocacy group, has documented a lot of incidents of hostility and blatant discrimination against men and women who have left homosexuality. Ex-gay Perri Roberts, in the preface to his autobiography, Dying for Love, pleaded with homosexuals to simply grant him the space to change his life if he chooses and to allow him to help others who want to leave homosexuality do so freely.

Would you grant Perri that freedom? Would you even grant Dr. Budziszewski the freedom to explain the Big Picture? Or would you have them censored and silenced, effectively consigning young people like Adam to homosexuality with no way out?

About Acceptance

Mick, I respect your freedom to live out the sexuality you prefer, but I will not jettison the Big Picture. Adam is onto something. Sex has its place, but the human soul longs for more than sex. Things like intimacy and permanence. Becoming a parent and raising a family. There is a Big Picture about sex, Mick, and all those things are part of it. I will not withhold that from Adam or others like him.

I do not accept responsibility for the teen suicides, nor do I accept the charges of bigotry, intolerance, or hate. I realize my Judeo-Christian construct for sex causes you distress, but I can’t surrender it for you or anyone else. That would be giving you a cheap substitute for love. Still, I value your friendship, so I leave it to you to decide whether you will accept me as I am or jettison me from your life.

I leave you with one final thought. You may succeed in silencing me and others like me who hold to the Big Picture, but that won’t make the Big Picture go away. It’s part of the created order.

Even your protestations attest to that.

This article first appeared in Salvo 15, Winter 2010.

Related articles:

  • Who’s Bashing Whom?“Gay-marriage is a legitimate moral and political topic for debate — for civil debate, that is. And name-calling, demonization, and intimidation are nothing but attempts to shut off the debate and to shout down the opposition.”
  • Beliefs or Bigotry?“According to Judge Walker, if you believe marriage should be reserved for one man and one woman, you are a homophobe and a bigot. Such legal reasoning not only charts the course for destroying religious liberty, it paves the way for societal chaos.”
  • Dig Deeper: What’s Behind the Scenes at the White House Anti-Bullying Summit?

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2FNAbAj

By Terrell Clemmons

Last night my 11-year old daughter Sally asked me if I’d like to watch “Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking” with her. How could a mom refuse that invitation? So we cozied up in our jammies and tuned in. It was a great show, and highly educational. But not in the way you might think.

The subject of this, the first installment of a series on the Discovery Channel hosted by Hawking, was Aliens. The show opens with Hawking alone in an empty room in his wheelchair. We hear his computerized voice say,

Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking, physicist, cosmologist, and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move, and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind, I am free.

Another narrator picks up from there,

Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions. Such as, Do aliens exist?

The question, Hawking says, cuts to the heart of how we see our place in the universe. “Are we alone?” He thinks probably not, even though scientists have been looking and listening out for about forty years to no avail. The narrator continues, speaking for Hawking,

The possibilities are infinite. How do we know where to look?

The answer brings us back home to Earth, where the only known examples of life exist. From there, Hawking explains what is currently known about the origin of life on Earth:

Exactly what triggered life here is still a mystery, but there are several theories.

He presents two. The most common theory is that life began purely by accident in pools of primordial soup. Images on the screen evoke Darwin’s “warm little pond,” teeming with amino acids randomly bumping into one another for eons and eons until just the right combination of circumstances caused just the right bump:

It somehow just happened … the ultimate lucky break that started the chain of life.

That’s the first theory. The other one is an

intriguing idea, called Panspermia, which says that life could have originated somewhere else and have been spread from planet to planet by asteroids.

Let’s pause there. Panspermia, as I pointed out in this article from Salvo 11, falls within the boundaries of Intelligent Design theory (ID), with which regular Salvo readers are familiar.

I explained Panspermia and ID to Sally. It took about one minute, and she grasped it well enough. Then we re-wound the recording to listen again to Hawking’s musings about the first, and “most common,” theory. He admits the improbability of it,

It is extremely unlikely that life could spontaneously create itself, but I don’t think that’s a problem with this theory. It’s like winning a lottery. The odds are astronomical, but … someone hits the jackpot.

“Yes, Sally,” I said, “but that’s because someone outside the system created the lottery, and funded it so that it could be there in the first place.”

Light bulbs went off immediately. “Ah-HAH,” she laughed out loud. “I didn’t think of that, but that makes sense!” We laughed together for a moment then watched the rest of the show.

The point I’d like to make is she’s a 6th grader, and she’s capable of thinking with a free mind, taking in competing theories about something, and, to a certain extent, analyzing them. This is how critical thinking skills are developed. But as this Crosshairs, also from Salvo 11, points out, wherever the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) gets its way, teachers are prohibited from informing students about competing scientific theories concerning the origin of life, including the one offered, though not by name, as a valid theory by no less a science luminary than Stephen Hawking. (The NCSE also opposes students being informed of different views concerning global warming, but that’s another issue for another post.)

Stephen Hawking is an amazing and inspiring man, and we enjoyed watching his show. I’d like to focus on that ideal of a free mind and note two things. First, the NCSE, by intentionally ignoring ID (and vehemently opposing it when active ignorance is no longer an option), limits free inquiry and hinders, rather than advances, science. They do our children a disservice.

Second, while Hawking does believe that alien life likely exists, including the life of superior intelligence, he allows no room for the possibility that that intelligence might be a supernatural being. In so doing, I suggest he limits himself and his scientifically brilliant mind more than he realizes. To limit experimental science to only those things which can be seen, heard, and touched is reasonable. To limit your mind and imagination, in the same manner, hinders free inquiry.

Even a 6th grader can understand that.

This post first appeared in the Salvo Signs of the Times blog. (By the way, a very interesting discussion ensued. If you like open discussions, check it out.)

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2pbiEaU

By Mikel Del Rosario

Lost the Plot?

Have we somehow lost the message of the New Testament through irreparable corruptions of the text? That’s what some people wonder when the conversation turns to the issue of textual variants—differences in the biblical manuscripts we’ve discovered over the years.

Maybe you’ve got a friend or a co-worker who tends to be pretty skeptical of the Bible right from the get-go. For many like them, the issues surrounding the Bible can make it tough to read it for themselves and give it a fair hearing. For example, people who saw Bart Ehrman on the Cobert Report or read his books might come away doubting that the text of the New Testament is still intact after all these years.

Today, I still hear well-meaning believers say we’ve just got to “give people the Bible.” But more and more, I see the need to engage the tough questions about why we should take the Bible seriously. So I wanted to share this video with you. It’s Darrell Bock, Ben Witherington, and Dan Wallace talking about textual variants in the New Testament.

What do Textual Variants Really Mean?

I’m honored to say I studied Greek under Dr. Wallace at Dallas Theological Seminary. At this DTS event, he answers the questions, “Are there really hundreds of thousands of textual differences in our New Testament manuscripts?” and “so what?” In other words, what do all these numbers really mean?

We Haven’t Lost the Message

Check out these four categories of textual variants and see why even 400,000 differences don’t need to shake our faith. The first two categories won’t help anyone come up with a new conspiracy theory about how the church has been secretly changing the Bible over the years. But as Wallace said, it might cure your insomnia.

  1. Most textual variants are just spelling differences

Ever seen the word “color” spelled “colour” in a book? You probably wouldn’t be surprised to see a young kid spell it, “culler,” or something like that. Whether it’s an alternate spelling or an actual spelling error, it’s still pretty obvious what they mean. When it comes to the New Testament, the first and largest category is made up of spelling differences, accounting for over 75% of all textual variants.

  1. Many textual variants are synonyms, word order differences and stuff you can’t translate

The next biggest category is all about synonyms (different words that basically mean the same thing) and stuff like word order (which makes little difference in Greek) or articles with proper nouns. For example, Greek writers could use the definite article before people’s names (like “The Jesus”). In this case, whether or not the word “the” shows up before Jesus’ name makes no difference; you can’t even translate it into English!

  1. Some textual variants would have made a difference if they weren’t so late to the game

The third largest category is made up of variants that would have made a difference in the meaning of the text in our Bibles if they showed up earlier in the manuscript tradition. The thing is, these differences show up hundreds of years after Jesus’ time and so it’s pretty unlikely that they tell us anything about what the original documents really said. Another way to say this is that the more recent differences just tell us about how some copyists ended up changing the text.

  1. A few textual variants actually do make a difference…but none mess with any core doctrines

It’s true. There are real questions about the authenticity of some of the words and sentences in the New Testament. And that’s what the fourth category is about: Variants that actually do make a difference in what the text says and possibly represent the original readings of the text. But here’s the thing: None of them call any core doctrines into question. Not one.

I’ve looked into this for myself so please don’t let anyone tell you this is just the tip of the iceberg. These kinds of things represent less than 1% of all textual variants in the New Testament.

About The One Percent:

New Testament Textual Variants that Matter Most

We need to be honest and admit that, at least where our current scholarship is at, there are some good questions about a few parts of the New Testament. For example, most scholars believe the story about the woman caught in adultery wasn’t in the original text of the gospels. It actually shows up in different places in some manuscripts, including the margins or at the end of a page, almost like scribes who wanted to preserve the story didn’t know where they should be writing it down. But what kind of difference does this make? I like how Darrell Bock answers this question:

“What is impacted is whether or not a particular passage teaches a particular point. But in the big scheme of things, there is no fundamental doctrine of the Christian faith that is impacted by this one percent.”

Most people don’t know that even Bart Ehrman himself actually agrees with this in print. He mentions this in the question and answer section of Misquoting Jesus (p.252):

…essential Christian beliefs are not affected by textual variants in the manuscript tradition of the New Testament.

The Number of Textual Variants is Only One Part of the Story

To me, it seems misleading and unfair to say there are between 300,000 and 400,000 textual variants in the New Testament manuscripts we have today and leave it at that.

We’ve got so many variants because we’ve got so many New Testament manuscripts. If all we had were one codex with all the books of the New Testament in it, we wouldn’t have any variants!

Look, having almost 6,000 manuscripts—and not just one or even a dozen ancient, handwritten documents—is a very good thing because it can help us have more confidence in the readings which best represent the text of the original books of the New Testament. So the number of textual variants is only one part of the story.

Conclusion

The overwhelming majority of these textual variants don’t change the meaning of the text. No core doctrine of the Christian faith is called into question by any textual differences in the New Testament. None.

Instead of making us suspicious that we’ve lost the message, studying the text of the New Testament gives us confidence that the message has been faithfully preserved.

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2p82RdB

By Mikel Del Rosario

Listen Up!

Ever get uncomfortable listening to a religious view that’s different from yours? Sometimes, talking about morality and religion can really get some people going—even to the point where you find it tough to get a word in edgewise. But allowing your skeptical friend to share their ideas or experiences is a key part of effectively navigating spiritual conversations.

Some Christians can get all defensive and feel a bunch of pressure to defend the entire Christian worldview when confronted with one objection to the faith! But wait. That doesn’t have to be you.

I’m suggesting we reduce this pressure by employing a modest goal and a simple strategy: Get your skeptical friend thinking by asking sincere, but strategic questions.

And then listen. Really listen. If we want people to listen to our stories and our ideas, we need first to be willing to listen to their stories and their ideas. As my mentor, Dr. Darrell Bock, at Dallas Theological Seminary says:

Sometimes Christians tend to want to talk too quickly and too much. Allowing someone to talk about their religious experience and how they feel about God is very important because you’re being given a window into their heart. We need to be slow to talk and quick to listen so that we give people a time to tell their story.

Ask Good Questions

Jesus did it, too. My friend, Sean McDowell, noted how the gospels record Jesus asking 288 questions! Think about it. Many people who oppose the faith are merely repeating slogans they’ve heard but never really considered. Stuff like this: “The Bible’s full of contradictions,” “Christians are intolerant,” or “All religions are basically the same.” OK. Relax. No need to get defensive.

Truth is on Our Side

Even if you’re totally new to this, there’s apologetic value in a confident believer simply remaining calm under fire. Ultimately, the truth is on our side, and lies are not defensible. Because of this, we can exude confidence by engaging critics with a relaxed, conversational approach which uses more questions than statements.

I love how Greg Koukl says “Apologetics can look more like diplomacy than combat.”

I like that—a lot. In fact, I recommend his book, Tactics: A Game Plan for Discussing Your Christian Convictions, all the time! It’s an easy read, and the tactics are practical. For example, asking questions like “What do you mean by that?” or “What’s your thinking on that?” can help critics consider what they believe and why they believe it—perhaps for the first time.

And if you get stumped by a question, t’s no problem to say something like, “That’s a great question. Let me think about that and get back to you.” Years ago, my pastor in Sacramento, CA echoed this sentiment in his message on 1st Peter 3, saying: “It’s OK to say, ‘I don’t know! Let me go ask someone at the church.”

Since I used to teach apologetics classes at church, I actually got to field some of those questions. But I’m confident that if you do your homework, you’ll find there are good answers to the hard questions. And even this exercise can strengthen your faith—a faith we can defend without getting defensive.

 

Now Hear This

If you liked this blog post, you’ll love Greg Koukl’s book, TacticsListen to him read my mini-review on the radio!

Look inside the book on Amazon.com

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2FZXnJb