Someone you know is a Mormon—a family member, a coworker, a friend, or a neighbor—and you long to present the truth about Jesus and what God’s Word teaches. But where do you start? How can you convey what’s on your heart in a way that will be well received? Well, there’s a new book by Eric Johnson and Sean McDowell full of practical wisdom to equip you to reach Mormons. It contains a variety of essays from respected scholars, apologists, and pastors—including Sandra Tanner, Robert Bowman, David Geisler, Bill McKeever, Mark Mittelberg, J. Warner Wallace, Lynn Wilder, and others—lays out a variety of creative methods for sharing the gospel effectively.

Frank interview Eric Johnson about this new book. During this interview, you will learn some great tips on how to share the truth with Mormons.

Book: https://amzn.to/2voUBbs

By Brian Chilton

On this episode of the Bellator Christi Podcast, Brian Chilton discusses what needs to be in a person’s message as one shares the gospel to those who know very little about God, Jesus, or the Bible. Join us today as we delve into Paul’s message to the Athenians delivered at the Areopagus in Athens, Greece from Acts 17:22-34.

Securing a Seat in a Secular Society

Acts 17:22-34

  1. Paul’s secured message included a discussion of their CONNECTION (17:22-23).
  2. Paul’s secured message included a discussion of the CREATOR (17:24-29).
    1. The Creator’s ATTRIBUTES (17:24-26, 28).
    2. The Creator’s ACCEPTANCE (17:27, 29).
  3. Paul’s secured message included a discussion of the CONDITIONS (17:30).
    1. Condition of SIN.
    2. Condition of SALVATION.
  4. Paul’s secured message included a discussion of COGNITION (17:31-34).

Hear:

 


Brian G. Chilton is the founder of BellatorChristi.com and is the host of The Bellator Christi Podcast. He received his Master of Divinity in Theology from Liberty University (with high distinction); his Bachelor of Science in Religious Studies and Philosophy from Gardner-Webb University (with honors); and received certification in Christian Apologetics from Biola University. Brian is currently in the Ph.D. program in Theology and Apologetics at Liberty University. Brian has been in the ministry for over 15 years and serves in northwestern North Carolina.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2Od72jj

By Evan Minton 

Sometimes when someone witnesses to an unbeliever by appealing to arguments and evidence that point to the truth of Christianity, some believers will tell the Christian that The Bible does not need them to defend it. “The Truth does not need to be defended. It is like a lion. All you need to do is let it out of its cage” they will say. A Lion can defend itself. It is ferocious; it has sharp, powerful jaws and razor-sharp claws. Its roar strikes fear into its prey. Its roar carries authority. Why would you need to defend such an animal? You don’t. So these Christians will say that The Bible is the same way. This is supposed to be an argument that Christian Apologetics is a pointless exercise.

There are several problems with this argument.

Regardless of whether scripture actually needs defending, scripture commands us to defend it nevertheless.

The Bible commands us to do apologetics. 1 Peter 3:15 says “But in your hearts set apart Christ as Lord. Always be ready to give a defense to anyone who asks for the reason for the hope that you have, yet do this with gentleness and respect”. This verse of The Bible is clear and unequivocal. Always be prepared to defend your faith whenever anyone asks you to give the reasons for why you have placed your hope in Jesus Christ. So even if we concede the premise that the Christian faith doesn’t need to be defended, we are still commanded to defend it. Ignoring this command would, therefore, be sinful.

The Apostle Paul said in his second letter to the church in Corinth “We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ” (2 Corinthians 10:5). This is what apologetics is all about. We need to “demolish arguments” like the problem of evil & suffering, the hiddenness of God, supposed contradictions people think they have found in scripture, or simply the claim “There is no evidence for God’s existence.” These are arguments that set “itself up against the knowledge of God” that we need to “demolish.” If we do, then we might be able to “take every thought captive and make it obedient to Christ.”

In Philippians 1:7 Paul speaks of his mission as defending and confirming the gospel.” Then he says in Philippians 1:16, “I am put here for the defense of the gospel.” This implies that God placed Paul on this planet to be a defender of the Christian faith, which he was. When you read Acts 17, you see that when Paul and his companions had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a Jewish synagogue (Acts 17:1), and then it says that as was his custom, he reasoned with them from the Scriptures …” (verse 2), explaining and proving that the Messiah had to suffer and rise from the dead.” (verse 3) and then after he explained and proved to the Jews that the Messiah had to suffer and rise, “Some of the Jews were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, as did a large number of God-fearing Greeks and quite a few prominent women.” This is important because often you will hear some Christians say that no one comes to faith through arguments. But we have an example of some of the people coming to faith after hearing Paul’s arguments. Acts 17:4 refutes that notion.

Then several verses later, Paul was in Athens witnessing to the Athenians. And Acts 17:17 says he reasoned in the synagogue with both Jews and God-fearing Greeks, as well as in the marketplace day by day with those who happened to be there.” Other translations say he “disputed” with them, or he “debated” them. Now, he was able to reason from the scriptures with the Jews, but he couldn’t do that with the Athenians. Why? Because the Athenians didn’t accept the Jewish scriptures as divinely inspired. So he appealed to natural revelation instead (see Acts 17:22-31).

Jude 3 says, “Dear friends, although I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share, I felt I had to write and urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints.” The people Jude addressed had been assaulted by false teachers, and he needed to encourage them to protect (literally agonize for) the faith as it had been revealed through Christ. Jude makes a significant statement about our attitude in verse 22, which we “have mercy on some, who are doubting.”

So, does The Bible need defending? I think the answer to the question is irrelevant. It doesn’t matter whether God, or The Bible, or Christianity needs defending. The Bible commands us to defend it.

Rational People Naturally Desire Reasons Before They Believe Something.

God created humans to reason as part of his image (Genesis 1:26-27, Genesis 9:6). It is by reasoning that humans are distinguished from “brute beasts” (Jude 10). God calls upon his people to use reason (see Isaiah 1:18) to discern truth from error (1 John 4:6) and right from wrong (Hebrews 5:14). The primary standard of rationality is that it should cough up an epistemological warrant for belief.

As Norman Geisler put it in his article “The Need For Apologetics.”

“People rightly refuse to believe without evidence. Since God created humans as rational beings, he expects them to live rationally, to look before they leap. This does not mean there is no room for faith. But God wants us to take a step of faith in the light of the evidence, rather than to leap in the dark. Evidence of truth should precede faith. No rational person steps into an elevator without some reason to believe it will hold him up. No reasonable person gets on an airplane that is missing part of one wing and smells of smoke in the cabin. People deal in two dimensions of belief: belief that and belief inBelief that gives the evidence and rational basis for confidence needed to establish belief in. Once belief that is established, one can place faith in it. Thus, the rational person wants evidence that God exists before he places his faith in God. Rational unbelievers want evidence that Jesus is the Son of God before they place their trust in him.” – Norman Geisler (emphasis in original)

So, I don’t think it’s sufficient to just give an unbeliever a Bible and walk away and “let the truth defend itself.” For one reason, there are many holy books out there claiming to be “the truth.” The rational unbeliever is going to want you to give some reasons for him to think that The Bible should be believed instead of, say, The Koran, or the Hindu scriptures, or the Buddhist scriptures. He may ask you why you disbelieve in all of the other gods of all of the other religions but not the God of The Bible. That’s not too much to ask. And fortunately, we Christians can meet that challenge if we do our homework. If you simply quote The Bible, you’ll rightly be accused of circular reasoning.

You Can Make The Same Argument About Preaching The Gospel

If The Bible can defend itself, why can’t it preach itself? Why can’t we just leave it up to the non-Christian to go to their local bookstore or library, purchase a Bible, read it, and just hope for the best? Why can’t we do that? Well, because, like defending the gospel, scripture calls us to “Make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:19). We’re called to preach the gospel to a dark and dying world. We’re called to spread the good news. Does God need us to preach the gospel for Him? No. Probably not. But we’re called to do it anyway. And we’re called to do Christian Apologetics also (see 1 Peter 3:15).

In Conclusion

The Bible, God, Christianity may not need defending. But that’s irrelevant because God commands us to “Always be ready to give a defense to anyone who asks for a reason for the hope that you have,” (1 Peter 3:15). We are called to defend our faith against the attacks of unbelievers. When someone asks us why we believe what we believe, scripture commands us to give them reasons. Moreover, people need evidence to determine whether The Bible even is the word of God. How do we know the Bible is God’s revelation to us, as opposed to the Qur’an or the Book of Mormon? One must appeal to evidence to determine this. No Christian would accept a Muslim’s statement that, “the Qur’an is alive and powerful and sharper than a two-edged sword.” We would demand evidence that the Qu’ran is God’s Word. As Norman Geisler put it in his article “Why We Need Apologetics”; the analogy of a lion is misleading. The only reason a lion’s roar has authority is that we have good evidence of what a lion can do. But if you were just born yesterday or came from another planet, would you be fearful of this big lion? Probably not. You might try to go pet it and have your alien arm ripped off.

In addition to all of this, you could make a parallel argument about evangelism in general. Why did Billy Graham hold all of those crusades? Why did he travel all around the world preaching to people? Why didn’t he just leave it up to the non-believer to go to their local bookstores, buy a Bible, read it, and hope for the best? If The Bible can defend itself, why can’t the gospel preach itself?

I’ll end this blog post with a quote from John Calvin. As a Molinist, I feel weird quoting him to make my point, but he’s dead on accurate here. He said “Even a dog barks when its master is attacked. I would be a coward if I saw that God’s truth is attacked and yet would remain silent.”

Like Calvin, I cannot help but bark when I see skeptics attack Christianity.

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2mGGk6e

By Natasha Crain 

The other day something reminded me of the popular 1993 book, “The Celestine Prophecy” (anyone remembers that?). “The Celestine Prophecy” is a fiction book that discusses ideas rooted in New Age spirituality. The book sold 20 million copies and practically spawned its own cult-like religion, with groups popping up all over the country to study the insights and apply them to life.

I discovered this book when I was fresh out of high school and was enamored by it. The insights were exciting (“there’s a reason for every apparent coincidence!”) and it proposed interesting ideas about spirituality that seemed totally plausible to my young mind. I couldn’t stop talking about it. I told all my friends about it. I started paying attention to how the nine insights in the book applied to my life. I suddenly felt life was more meaningful.

The problem? I was a “Christian” but it never even occurred to me that these New Age ideas should have been immediately rendered false by the beliefs I claimed to have. My faith was so shallow that the first exciting philosophy I encountered after high school swept me off my feet – without so much as an inkling that it was in conflict with everything I had been taught.

When I randomly remembered this book last week, I marveled at how I had developed such a shallow faith, despite the fact I had gone to church for 18 years and grew up surrounded by family members who deeply loved the Lord.

A Borrowed Faith

In my family, faith looked like spiritual “parallel play.” Parallel play is the stage young toddlers go through where they enjoy being near other kids, but don’t actually interact with each other yet. They’ll play blocks side by side, but they won’t find ways to play blocks together.

My family members would individually read their Bibles, go to church every week, participate in prayer chains, and humbly remind each other that plans would only happen “Lord willing.”  Those were the spiritual blocks they played with next to me.

Meanwhile, I went to church, was at least mildly interested in what I heard, felt confident that if I died I would be saved, prayed occasionally on my own, went to church camps, attended youth nights, and freely told anyone who asked that I was a Christian. Those were the spiritual blocks I played with next to them.

But we never spiritually played together. Without that deeper engagement, my faith simply remained shallow and was based on living out a copy of what those around me were doing.

I left home with a completely borrowed faith.

I had never made it my own, but not because I rejected it in any way.

Many parents are brokenhearted when their kids reject Christianity in the teen years. I would suggest that many other parents are lulled into a false sense of security when their kids appear to toe the line of faith until they leave home. That faith often amounts to little more than borrowed beliefs which will soon be shattered.

Make no mistake: a borrowed faith leaving home can be just as dangerous as a broken faith. The result is often the same, just delayed.

When I originally started this post, I planned to call it, “10 Signs Your Kids are Just Borrowing Your Faith.” As I thought through the signs I can see in retrospect from my own experience, however, I found they all really pointed back to just one sign. So here it is:

The number one sign your kids are just borrowing your faith is that they rarely, if ever, ask questions.

Why Aren’t They Asking Questions?

  • They may be just uninterested enough to not ask questions, but not so uninterested as to reject Christianity altogether. They’ll just borrow your faith for a while because that’s what’s in front of them on the buffet.
  • They may not yet see the importance of Christian belief in their lives. It’s perceived as just another subject they’re learning about, like math. They’ll just borrow your faith for a while because they don’t think it’s important enough to think more deeply about.
  • They may not have been exposed to enough non-Christian ideas yet. Their faith isn’t being challenged in preparation for the adult world. Challenge them. If you don’t, non-believers soon will. They’ll just borrow your faith for a while because they see no need not to.
  • They may be scared or uncertain of your reaction. They’ll just borrow your faith for a while because that’s what they think is expected of them.
  • They may be getting answers elsewhere – usually not the answers you’d like them to have. They’ll just borrow your faith for a while because they don’t want to rock the boat at home.

If your kids aren’t asking questions, start asking THEM questions. Open the door for the conversation yourself and get them thinking in ways that will ultimately allow them to own their faith.

Need some ideas for meaty topics? Use my post, 65 Questions Every Christian Parent Needs to Learn to Answer, as a thought starter or order my new book, Keeping Your Kids on God’s Side: 40 Conversations to Help Them Build a Lasting Faith (in my book, you’ll learn easy-to-understand answers to 40 important faith questions that you can discuss with your kids).

Did YOU leave home with a borrowed faith? Why or why not? I’d love to hear your experiences.

 


Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2JD8msg

By Brady Cone

Protestors. Death threats. Misleading newspaper articles. In the days leading up to a talk I was doing on campus at North Carolina State University last year, the environment consistently became increasingly hostile. I was simply speaking about my story of struggling with sexuality issues, and how God’s overwhelming grace had rescued my soul. Why the hostility from the LGBT community on campus? It was because my very existence is a threat to the foundation on which they have built their lives, their identities, and ultimately their value and hope. Which is why they feel so threatened by anyone who dares to say they could live any other way.

Being raised on a farm in Nebraska, I grew up experiencing nothing but same-sex attraction. By the time I was in my teens I identified as gay. As with anyone else who is gay, I felt like “I was just born this way.” I grew up during a time when our culture was undergoing a major shift, and LGBT people were becoming more and more accepted. As I was confused and trying to figure out what to do with the feelings I was having; the culture was screaming at us, “if you have same-sex attraction, you were born with it, and you need to be gay to be happy and healthy.” That’s the narrative which was fed to me. I would go on to accept that dogma because I thought I had no other choice.

But then I came to know Jesus and my whole world changed! I later walked away from my homosexual life. I knew that if I was going to live out a faith based on God’s Word, I had to surrender to ALL of God’s Word, not just the parts that were easy, convenient, or made sense. Walking away from my LGBT life didn’t always make sense, because it felt to the depth of my soul that “this is just the way I am!” But, over the years God chipped away at my gay identity and started to untwist what my heart had twisted.

I still struggle occasionally. Once in a while, I catch a glimpse of a guy who I find attractive, and I have to repent. With that said, however, my life, and my attractions are so different now than they were a decade ago. God shined His light in my heart to show me places where I was looking to men to find value and wholeness. He showed me the idolatry in my heart. Now, I have instead been able to find wholeness in Christ. The further I have been away from that community/lifestyle/identity, the less normal/natural it seems. I am now in a healthy relationship with a woman which is leading towards marriage. And it’s all from God’s grace! That’s what sanctification does.

It is a fact that even if we were born with same-sex desires, we still have a choice in how we live our lives — we have free will! Through the power of the Holy Spirit, we can wake up every morning and choose to live a life that is pure, holy, and pleasing to God — no matter what attractions, temptations, and desires we have — or not! So in that sense, it does not matter if one is born gay or not.

What am I Free to Choose?

I am always discerning in how I use the word choice, and so should all Christians. I didn’t choose to have same-sex attraction. Nor could I just choose to turn it off. It is only after I chose to stop resisting the Holy Spirit and chose to surrender my life to Christ that I gained God’s power to make hard choices — free choices — to deny my flesh and take the way of escape God promises to provide when we face temptation (1 Corinthians 10:13).

Romans 8:26-27 states, “Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words. And he who searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit because the Spirit intercedes for the saints according to the will of God.” The current belief of the LGBT community and secular society at large is that “gay people are born gay.” That is used as justification of their lifestyle, and justification of not only acceptance but forced celebration.

After living in the gay community, leaving it, and now being in a ministry where I have helped hundreds of people work through their own wrestling of same-sex attraction and faith, I adamantly do not believe that we are “born gay.” That debate, however, is for another day. The scope of this article is to show that even if I am wrong about being “born that way,” it simply does not matter and is irrelevant.

What does matter is that I once was, and no longer am gay? Not only I but thousands like me! It does not mean that a switch is flipped, and all the same-sex attraction goes away. It does not even mean that you can “pray away the gay.” It means that over the course of our lifetime, God sanctifies us, shows us the idols we are serving, and through ongoing sanctification, He untwists what our sinful hearts have twisted. Which means we can find our wholeness through Him, instead of acquiring it through the idolatry of another person. I’ve seen the idolatry in my own heart, and the hundreds of others who I have ministered to. But, there is true freedom is choosing to submit to Christ, instead of the things of the world!

There are no studies proving that people are born gay. Some people have bought into the rhetoric and claim that there are studies that “prove” it, however, every time I ask to see these supposed “proofs” these same people have never provided anything but assertions. And even if we were born gay, it is still irrelevant. After all, the Bible makes it clear that we are all born into sin. We are all born with sinful inclinations and a deceitful heart. So why is there such strong rhetoric, claiming that people who feel gay have no choice but to act gay? It is because the entire narrative pushing the gay agenda in our culture relies on it.

Brady Cone Exists! 

The LGBT community tries to claim that people like me don’t exist — but we do! Thousands of us. They try to claim we don’t exist because our mere existence completely derails their entire narrative. Their narrative and agenda rely on convincing people that some have no choice but to be or act gay, just like white people are born white and black people are born black. But, the fact that people like me change shows that they are wrong and illustrates that sexuality is fluid, controllable, and cannot be put on the same level as other aspects of our personhood such as race.

The push of not only equality—but forced acceptance, relies on them making their sexuality a part of who they are—a piece of them which is central to their humanity. Which is why they feel so threatened by someone like me. My very existence—proving that people with same-sex attraction don’t have to live as gay—pulls the rug out from under every piece of justification they have in their push for equality, acceptance, and forced celebration.

I have lived through such a unique time in our culture. Growing up wrestling with gay feelings and attractions, I felt extremely rejected by those around me. But a mere 15 to 20 years later, the rejection comes from our culture for merely choosing to not live as a gay man. Our culture claims that how I live is dangerous. They claim it is irresponsible, dangerous, and outright cruel to expect people to deny themselves from the feelings of what comes natural to them. However, it is only cruel if sex and romantic relationships are central to our humanity. But they are not. So what is more dangerous? A culture which claims “sex and romantic relationships with whoever you please is central to your humanity, and without it you are not complete” or a faith in which our savior Jesus comes along and says, “I have set you free because everything you need for your humanity and your eternity is freely given by me.”

Back to North Carolina

Throughout sharing my story of wrestling with sexuality—and how God’s love and grace are sufficient for every one of us—the back of the room was filled with hundreds of protestors holding up signs. Throughout the question and answer session, LGBT members of the audience and the protestors tried to cause disturbances and ridicule me. One person went as far as saying they wished I had pulled the trigger on the gun back when I had almost committed suicide as a hurting 13-year-old boy.

But there was one student that night, whose heart was open to the message of God’s love and grace. His name was Levi, and he was one of the protestors in the back of the room. As he stood there holding his sign with his fellow LGBT comrades, something was stirring in his heart. He stood there, watching his community respond to me with such vicious hatred—all while I responded to them with tenderness and grace.

As he stood there, a thought was racing through his head. He kept thinking, “I’m standing on the wrong side of hate.”

Levi slipped out as soon as the event was over and went back to his dorm room. That same week he reached out to his old youth pastor from high school and a couple of Christian friends. When I first heard from him months later, he had left the gay community, and said goodbye to his gay identity. He was thriving in his relationship with the Lord. At that moment, in that room, God had shined the light of His truth in Levi’s heart, as He had done in mine over a decade ago. Levi discovered that his sexuality was not central to his humanity, nor could it provide him with any type of wholeness. Only Christ could do that.

Today, Levi is walking in freedom, which was bought for him on the cross. He has found peace and joy, and the freedom to deny himself and chooses to live a life that is pure, holy, and in line with God’s Word. Levi and I are the people Paul speaks of in 1 Corinthians 6:11, while speaking of homosexuals he states “that is what some of you were,” (emphasis added) “But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God.”

 


Brady Cone was a college student at Chadron State and living a homosexual lifestyle. He had struggled with these issues since a young age and thought he was trapped in that lifestyle. Coming to know Christ changed everything for Brady! Jesus gave him another choice: a life of holiness through Christ. Brady says that leaving behind a world of homosexuality was the most difficult thing that he has have ever done, but through it, God has given him new life and freedom in ways he never dreamed. Brady’s goal is to share his testimony and discuss the power of the Gospel in his life. In turn, he hopes to provide discipleship, insight, and written material to equip the church in discussing these matters.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2O4tv20

If you want Frank to answer some of your questions over the air, make sure to listen to this great podcast and find out how to email him your questions. During this entire podcast, Frank answers questions from YOU (our audience) regarding Evil, Spiritual Gifts, Divorce, Sola Scriptura, and more. Don’t miss it and don’t forget to send your questions to Frank!

Por Peter S. Williams

1) Un argumento Cosmológico Kalam

En una reciente conferencia en honor al 70 cumpleaños del físico Stephen Hawking, el cosmólogo ateo Alexander Vilenkin afirmó que “toda la evidencia que tenemos dice que el universo tuvo un comienzo”[1]. Una editorial de New Scientist en la conferencia comentó:

El big bang ahora es parte del mobiliario de la cosmología moderna… Muchos físicos han estado luchando contra una acción de la retaguardia contra ella durante décadas, en gran parte debido a sus matices teológicos. Si tienes un instante de creación, ¿no necesitas un creador? Los cosmólogos… han intentado en varios modelos diferentes del universo esquivar la necesidad de un comienzo mientras que todavía requieren un big bang. Pero la investigación reciente les ha dado muchos agujeros. Ahora parece cierto que el universo tuvo un comienzo. Sin una cláusula de escape, los físicos y los filósofos deben finalmente responder a un problema que les ha estado fastidiando durante la mayor parte de los 50 años: ¿cómo se obtiene un universo, completo con las leyes de la física, de la nada?[2]

El físico Paul Davies observa que:

Uno podría considerar alguna fuerza sobrenatural… como responsable del big bang, o se podría preferir considerar el big bang como un evento sin causa. Me parece que no tenemos demasiada elección. O[…] algo fuera del mundo físico [o] un evento sin una causa[3]

Sin embargo, un acontecimiento físico es por naturaleza un suceso contingente, y un suceso contingente está por definición supeditado a algo más allá de sí mismo.

La mecánica cuántica no proporciona un contraejemplo a esta afirmación causal, aunque concedamos la polémica interpretación de Copenhague de la mecánica cuántica, puesto que los sucesos cuánticos se sitúan en un contexto de condiciones físicas que condicionan causalmente, aunque causalmente no requieran, los eventos en cuestión. Como el ateo Quentin Smith admite, las consideraciones cuánticas “a lo sumo tienden a mostrar que las leyes acausales gobiernan el cambio de condición de las partículas… estos no dicen nada sobre la causalidad o acausalidad de los comienzos absolutos…”[4]

Uno obviamente no puede plantear una causa física para el primer evento físico, pero negar que el primer evento físico tuvo una causa no física uno debe rechazarse la premisa de que “Todos los eventos físicos tienen al menos una causa”, o bien afirmar que los eventos físicos deben tener causas físicas. Sin embargo, por un lado, hacer una excepción a la regla de que todos los eventos físicos tienen al menos una causa cuando se trata del primer evento físico es ad hoc. Por otro lado, la afirmación de que los eventos físicos deben tener causas físicas implica un regreso infinito inaceptable. También plantea una petición de principio del naturalismo. Por lo tanto, debemos reconocer la existencia de un primer evento físico explicado por una causa no física:

  1. Hubo un primer evento físico.
  2. Todos los eventos físicos tienen al menos una causa externa e independiente de ellos mismos.
  3. Por lo tanto, el primer evento físico tuvo al menos una causa externa e independiente de sí misma.
  4. La causa del primer evento físico no pudo haber sido una causa física.
  5. Por lo tanto, puesto que las causas sólo pueden ser físicas o no físicas, el primer evento físico tuvo una causa no física externa e independiente de sí misma.

Como Dallas Willard argumenta:

El carácter dependiente de todos los estados físicos, junto con la completitud de la serie de dependencias que subyacen a la existencia de cualquier estado físico dado, implica lógicamente, por lo menos un estado de ser auto-existente y, por tanto, no físico.[5]

Por otra parte, como J.P. Moreland y William Lane Craig observan:

Hay dos tipos de explicación causal… explicaciones en términos de leyes y condiciones iniciales y explicaciones personales en términos de agentes y sus voliciones. Un primer estado del universo no puede tener [una explicación en términos de leyes y condiciones iniciales] ya que [no hay leyes o condiciones iniciales] antes de ella, y, por lo tanto, sólo puede explicarse en términos de explicación personal.[6]

Y esto, por supuesto, es una parte importante de lo que queremos decir con “Dios”.

2) El argumento cosmológico de Leibniz

El argumento cosmológico de Leibnitz se basa en el «principio de razón suficiente»:

  1. Todo lo que existe tiene una explicación de su existencia, ya sea en la necesidad de su propia naturaleza o en una causa externa.
  2. El universo existe.
  3. Por lo tanto, el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia.
  4. Si el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia, esa explicación es Dios.
  5. Por lo tanto, la explicación de la existencia del universo es Dios.

Como el universo existe obviamente, los no-teístas deben negar las premisas 1 o 4 para evitar racionalmente la existencia de Dios.

Muchos filósofos piensan que la Premisa 1 – el principio de razón suficiente – es evidente por sí misma: Imagina encontrar una esfera translúcida en el suelo del bosque mientras caminas. Naturalmente te preguntarás cómo llegó a estar allí. Si un compañero de excursión dijera: “Simplemente existe inexplicablemente. ¡No te preocupes por eso!” No lo tomarías en serio. Supongamos que aumentamos el tamaño de la esfera, por lo que es tan grande como el planeta. Eso no elimina la necesidad de explicación. Supongamos que fuera del tamaño del universo. El mismo problema.

Premisa 4 – “Si el universo tiene una explicación de su existencia, esa explicación es Dios” – es sinónimo de la afirmación atea estándar de que, si Dios no existe, entonces el universo no tiene explicación de su existencia. La única alternativa al teísmo es afirmar que el universo tiene una explicación en la necesidad de su propia naturaleza. Pero este es un paso muy radical y no puedo pensar en ningún ateo contemporáneo que lo dé. Después de todo, es coherente imaginar un universo hecho de una colección completamente diferente de quarks que la colección que actualmente existe; pero tal universo sería un universo diferente, así que los universos claramente no existen necesariamente.

Supongamos que te pido que me prestes un determinado libro, pero tú dices: “No tengo una copia en este momento, pero le pediré a mi amigo que me preste su copia y luego te la presto”. Tu amigo te dice lo mismo, y así sucesivamente. Dos cosas son claras. En primer lugar, si el proceso de pedir prestado el libro va ad infinitum, nunca voy a conseguir el libro. En segundo lugar, si consigo el libro, el proceso que me llevó a conseguirlo no pudo haber ido ad infinitum. En algún lugar de la línea de las solicitudes de pedir prestado el libro, alguien tenía el libro sin tener que pedir prestado. Del mismo modo, argumenta Richard Purtill, considere cualquier realidad contingente:

Los mismos dos principios se aplican. Si el proceso de todo lo que consiguiera su existencia de otra cosa fuese al infinito, entonces la cosa en cuestión nunca tendría existencia. Y si la cosa tiene… existencia, entonces el proceso no ha ido al infinito. Hubo algo que tenía existencia sin tener que recibirla de otra cosa…[7]

Un ser necesario que explica toda la realidad física no puede ser una realidad física. Las únicas posibilidades restantes son un objeto abstracto o una mente inmaterial. Pero los objetos abstractos son causalmente impotentes. Por lo tanto, la explicación del universo físico es una mente necesariamente existente y trascendente.

3) El argumento de Diseño de Ajuste Fino

En El Gran Diseño Stephen Hawking reconoce que:

El estado inicial del universo tenía que ser establecido de una manera muy especial y muy improbable… si el universo fuera sólo ligeramente diferente, seres como nosotros no podrían existir. ¿Qué vamos a hacer con este ajuste fino? ¿Es evidencia de que el universo, después de todo, fue diseñado?[8]

Bueno, si parece un perro, esa es una buena razón para pensar que es un perro. Además, la combinación de un evento “altamente improbable” con un patrón “muy especial”, visto en el ajuste fino cósmico, es un ejemplo de “complejidad especificada” que mejor se explica por el diseño inteligente. Es decir:

  1. Si algo exhibe complejidad especificada entonces es probablemente el producto del diseño.
  2. El ajuste fino del universo exhibe complejidad especificada.
  3. Por lo tanto, el ajuste fino del universo es probablemente el producto del diseño.

Una larga cadena de letras aleatorias es compleja (improbable) pero no está especificada (no se ajusta a ningún patrón independiente). Una cadena corta de letras podría estar especificada -como ‘esto’- pero no sería lo suficientemente compleja para superar la capacidad del azar de explicar la combinación. Ni la complejidad sin especificidad, ni la especificidad sin complejidad nos obligan a inferir el diseño. Sin embargo, si tu viste una obra de Shakespeare escrita en baldosas de Scrabble, infieres el diseño. Una obra de teatro es a la vez especificada y suficientemente compleja como para merecer una inferencia de diseño, ya que “en todos los casos en que conocemos el origen causal de… la complejidad especificada, la experiencia ha demostrado que el diseño inteligente desempeñó un papel causal”[9]. Lo mismo ocurre con el ajuste fino cósmico.

Dado el tiempo suficiente, de las máquinas de escribir y los monos, uno podría obtener las obras de Shakespeare por casualidad; ¿Por qué nadie explica las obras de Shakespeare usando la hipótesis de “muchos monos”? En ausencia de evidencia independiente para la existencia de suficiente tiempo, máquinas de escribir y monos, la explicación del diseño es claramente preferible. Del mismo modo, aun admitiendo que si hubiera “universos múltiples” entonces se podría obtener el ajuste de nuestro universo por casualidad, en ausencia de evidencia independiente de la existencia de “universos múltiples” la explicación de diseño es claramente preferible. De hecho, la hipótesis de múltiples versos no ha sido confirmada empíricamente por la observación del ajuste fino en una escala universal en lugar de en la escala local mucho más probable. Además, como observa Robin Collins:

Incluso si existe un generador de muchos universos, junto con las leyes y principios previos se podría decir que es un sistema perfectamente afinado… con la combinación justa de leyes y campos para la producción de universos que permiten la vida… la existencia de tal sistema sugiere el diseño[10].

4) Un argumento moral

  • Si existe cualquier valor moral objetivo, entonces Dios existe.
  • Existe al menos un valor moral objetivo.
  • Por lo tanto, Dios existe

Es importante no confundir este argumento con la afirmación falsa de que hay que creer en Dios con el fin de saber o hacer lo correcto.

¿Qué significa decir que los valores morales son objetivos? Supongamos que una persona piensa que el Sol gira alrededor de la Tierra, y otro piensa lo contrario. En este caso, sabemos que la Tierra gira alrededor del Sol. Los que creen lo contrario, sin embargo, sinceramente, están equivocados. Por otra parte, llegar a conocer que la Tierra gira alrededor del Sol es una cuestión de descubrimiento de la verdad, no de inventarla. El objetivismo moral dice que la ética es acerca del descubrimiento de verdades morales, verdades que existen, incluso si no somos capaces de discernirlas. De acuerdo al objetivismo moral existen auténticos desacuerdos morales; y la observación de que a veces las personas tienen diferentes opiniones morales sólo demuestra que nuestras creencias morales pueden ser correctas o incorrectas de acuerdo a los hechos morales en cuestión.

Para hacer frente a nuestra segunda premisa, primero, ¿existen hechos morales objetivos? Aquellos que señalan la realidad del mal como la base para un argumento en contra de Dios, sin duda creen que sí; pues nada puede ser objetivamente malo si no hay valores objetivos.

John Cottingham informa que “el creciente consenso entre los filósofos de hoy es que algún tipo de objetivismo de… valor es correcto…”[11] Por ejemplo, el ateo Peter Cave defiende el objetivismo moral apelando a sus intuiciones:

Cualquier argumento escéptico que pueda presentarse en contra de nuestra creencia de que matar a los inocentes es moralmente malo, nosotros estamos más seguros de que el matar es moralmente malo de que el argumento sea sólido… Torturar a un niño inocente por pura diversión es moralmente malo[12].

La intuición propiamente básica de que torturar a niños inocentes por diversión está mal, no es socavada por la existencia del psicópata que disfruta torturando a los niños. Por el principio de credibilidad[13], torturar a un niño inocente por diversión, claramente no es algo que meramente detiene que el niño funcione normalmente (una observación empírica), o meramente algo que no nos gusta debido a nuestra historia evolutiva, o meramente algo a lo que nuestra sociedad ha decidido oponerse. Más bien, torturar a un niño inocente por diversión es objetivamente malo. Así, al menos, una cosa es objetivamente mala. Por lo tanto, el subjetivismo moral es falso.

Algunas intuiciones morales son específicas (por ejemplo, es malo torturar niños pequeños por diversión) y algunas son generales (por ejemplo, siempre será lo correcto elegir el menor de dos males). Por supuesto, nuestras intuiciones morales pueden estar equivocadas, pero ésta mera admisión de la falibilidad presupone el objetivismo moral; porque si el subjetivismo moral, fuera verdad, ¡ninguna declaración moral podría estar equivocada! Como el ateo Russ Shafer-Landau argumenta: “La imagen del subjetivismo ético… como una empresa totalmente convencional implica una especie de infalibilidad moral para individuos o sociedades… Esta especie de infalibilidad es difícil digerir”[14].

Por último, si el objetivismo moral fuera falso no podría ser cierto que objetivamente debemos considerar los argumentos contra el objetivismo, o que debemos tenerlos en cuenta de manera justa, ¡por lo que la segunda premisa del argumento moral parece segura!

En cuanto a la primera premisa, muchos ateos reconocen que ‘si Dios no existe, a continuación, los valores morales objetivos no existen’. Por ejemplo, Jean-Paul Sartre escribió que es:

…muy embarazoso que Dios no exista, porque desaparece con él toda posibilidad de encontrar valores en un cielo inteligible. Puede que ya no haya un bien a priori, ya que no hay conciencia infinita y perfecta que piense en él[15].

Un valor moral objetivo es un ideal trascendente que prescribe y obliga comportamiento; pero un ideal implica una mente, una receta requiere un prescriptor y una obligación está supeditada a una persona. Como H. P. Owen sostiene:

Por un lado, declaraciones [morales objetivas] trascienden toda persona humana… Por el otro… es contradictorio afirmar que las declaraciones impersonales están sujetas a la lealtad de nuestra voluntad. La única solución a esta paradoja es suponer que el orden de las declaraciones [morales objetivas]… están, de hecho, enraizadas en la personalidad de Dios[16].

Es importante no confundir este argumento con la afirmación falsa de que uno debe creer en Dios con el fin de saber o hacer lo correcto. El argumento moral se refiere a la ontología moral y no a la epistemología moral.

5) Un Argumento Ontológico

Como “el ser más grande posible” Dios es por definición un ser necesario. Un ser necesario es por definición un ser que debe existir si su existencia es posible. Por lo tanto, podemos argumentar:

  1. Si es posible que Dios exista, entonces Dios existe.
  2. Es posible que Dios exista.
  3. Por lo tanto, Dios existe.

Una “propiedad engrandecedora” es cualquier propiedad que a) dota a su portador con alguna medida de valor objetivo y que b) admite un máximo lógico. Un calcetín no es más valioso que tú porque sea más oloroso que tú; y sin embargo un calcetín maloliente nos lo imaginamos, siempre es posible imaginar uno más oloroso. El olor no es una propiedad engrandecedora. Por otra parte, el poder es una propiedad engrandecedora, que tiene un máximo lógico en la calidad de ser “omnipotente”. Del mismo modo, el ser necesario es la instanciación máxima de una propiedad de gran realización. Incluso si Kant tenía razón al argumentar que decir que algo “existe” no agrega a nuestro conocimiento de sus propiedades, decir que algo “existe necesariamente” sin duda contribuye a nuestro conocimiento de sus propiedades. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de los filósofos están de acuerdo en que, si la existencia de Dios es incluso posible, entonces, como un ser necesario, Él debe existir. A diferencia de “el hada de los dientes”, no podría suceder que Dios no existiera a pesar de que Su existencia fuese posible.

Para negar la existencia del hada de los dientes, no es necesario afirmar que su existencia es imposible. Sin embargo, para negar la existencia de Dios uno debe hacer la afirmación metafísicamente más fuerte de que su existencia es imposible. ¡Pero la afirmación de que Dios existe claramente no está a la par con la afirmación de que existe un cuadrado redondo!

Muchos ateos reconocen que la idea de Dios es coherente. De hecho, el ateo Richard Carrier advierte que los argumentos para pensar lo contrario son:

Inválidos, ya que cualquier definición de dios (o sus propiedades) que es ilógico sólo puede ser revisado para ser lógico. De hecho, los argumentos de la Incoherencia no son realmente argumentos para el ateísmo, sino para la reforma de la teología[17].

Por otra parte, los seres humanos exhiben grados no máximos de propiedades engrandecedoras (tales como poder, conocimiento y bondad), y esto apoya la hipótesis de que los grados máximos de las propiedades engrandecedoras pueden coexistir sobre la hipótesis de que no pueden.

Por último, al confirmar varios aspectos de la hipótesis teísta, los otros argumentos teístas proporcionan argumentos independientes para pensar que la segunda premisa crucial del argumento ontológico es más plausible que su negación. El argumento ontológico vincula así el empuje de nuestro caso acumulativo para Dios.

Notes

[1] Alexander Vilenkin citado por Lisa Grossman, ‘Death of the eternal cosmos’, New Scientist, 14th Enero 2012, p.7. cf. Alexander Vile kin, ‘Did the Universe Have a Beginning?’ http://youtu.be/NXCQelhKJ7A

[2] ‘In the beginning’, New Scientist, 14th January 2012, p. 3.

[3] Paul Davies, ‘The Birth of the Cosmos,’ en God, Cosmos, Nature and Creativity (Jill Gready (ed.), Scottish Academic Press, 1995), p. 8-9.

[4] Quentin Smith, ‘The Uncaused Beginning of the Universe’, Philosophy of Science 55 (1988): p. 50.

[5] Dallas Willard, ‘The Three-Stage Argument for the Existence of God’ en Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology (ed. Douglas Geivett & Brendan Sweetman; Oxford University Press, 1992).

[6] J.P. Moreland & William Lane Craig, Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (IVP), p. 479-480.

[7] Richard Purtill citado por Charles Taliaferro, Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (Blackwells, 2001), p. 358-359.

[8] Stephen Hawking & Leonard Milodinov, The Grand Design (Bantam, 2010), p. 130 & 144.

[9] Stephen C. Meyer, ‘Teleological Evolution: The Difference it Doesn’t Make’, www.arn.org/docs/meyer/sm_teleologicalevolution.htm

[10] Robin Collins, ‘Design and the Many Worlds Hypothesis’, http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/finetune/Craig7.htm

[11] John Cottingham, ‘Philosophers are finding fresh meanings in Truth, Goodness and Beauty’, The Times (Junio 17, 2006)

[12] Peter Cave, Humanism (OneWorld, 2009), p. 146.

[13] Richard Swinburne define el Principio de Credibilidad como el principio que establece que si un sujeto le parece que x está presente, entonces probablemente x está presente. Ver http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/the-argument-from-religious-experience/the-principle-of-credulity/

[14] Russ Shafer-Landau, Whatever Happened to Good and Evil? (OUP), p. 16-17.

[15] Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism Is a Humanism (Yale University Press, 2007), p. 28.

[16] H.P. Owen, ‘Why morality implies the existence of God’, extracto editado de The Moral Argument for Christian Theism (George Allen & Unwin, 1965), in Brian Davies (ed.), Philosophy of Religion: a guide and anthology (OUP, 2000), p. 648.

[17] Richard Carrier, Sense & Goodness Without God (Author House, 2005), p. 276.

 


Blog Original: http://bit.ly/2JKn5ld

Traducido por Jairo Izquierdo

By Michael Sherrard

There isn’t any reason to think that I am special, but I do. And we all do. That is of course unless life has beaten us up and cruel people have convinced us otherwise. But I am special. I know this. I’ve known this for quite some time.

It this a dream? Am I delusional or just simply arrogant? Perhaps, but don’t you think the same about yourself? Haven’t you thought for quite some time that your life is important? That there is a purpose. That you matter. That your story is a great story worth telling and more yet to be written. Well, I agree. Your life is a beautiful story. You matter. You have a purpose. You are a masterpiece.

But why do we think this? Why are all humans captured by the idea that ours is a meaningful and beautiful life?

This is the issue of our time. So much of the fighting today centers around what does it mean to be human. Are we valuable? Why are we valuable? What makes life worth living?

There used to be agreement on this issue. The United States was built on the shared understanding that mankind was made by the Creator and instilled with rights that cannot be taken away because of our inherent and equal worth. But as the western world has more and more embraced naturalistic explanations for life, the rug has been pulled out human value. No longer is human life inherently valuable because we are uniquely made in God’s image. No, humans are now viewed by many as the end result of a long line of unguided genetic mutations. We came to be by accident. And accidents don’t have inherent value. They have accidental value, a value that comes from some found usefulness.

And there is a difference. Christianity has long taught that humans are valuable because of what they are, human. Secularism teaches that you are valuable because of what you can do and become. This is no small difference.

Hear:

 


Michael C. Sherrard is a pastor, the director of Ratio Christi College Prep, and the author of Relational Apologetics. Booking info and such can be found at michaelcsherrard.com.

Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2mvLxO3

By Brent Hardaway

A blogger named MarkCC demonstrates a few common misunderstandings regarding Intelligent Design (ID).

First, we need to clarify some terms, as there is some jargon given in the post that the reader may not be familiar with.

Specified Event – The phrase “Go Take Out the Trash” is a specified arrangement of letters. The jumbled letter sequence “smets qwoand nduams iba” is not specified, as it is not a pattern that is recognizable. How this relates to the ID is that if you come to the dining room table and see some Alpha-Bits arranged in the first sequence (even if not perfectly straight), you’d assume that your housemate purposely arranged them as communication to someone else, quite possibly you. That would be a specified event. But if you saw the second sequence not perfectly straight, you would be pretty likely to assume that your housemate carelessly spilled some out of the box and didn’t bother to clean it up. That would be non-specified. And applying this to the origin of life, there are many features of life (like DNA and proteins), that exhibit sequences of code that are specific. For example, the work of MIT molecular biologist Robert Sauer came to the conclusion that for a protein chain that was 92 amino acids long, only 1 in 10^63 could perform some function in cellular life.[1] So language and proteins are pretty similar in that letters/amino acids form chains of readable sentences/working proteins.

Universal Probability Bound – What if we could spill some Alpha-Bits every second? Wouldn’t we eventually get the phrase regarding the trash? Well, if we were able to spill exactly the same amount, and the odds of a space appearing as often as a letter was equal, it would happen about once every 1.14 Octillion years.[2] So even if I live to be 100, it’s absurd to think I would ever achieve that sequence by randomly spilling Alpha-Bits. I’d have an astronomically far greater chance of winning the lottery. There are only so many “rolls of the dice,” in such cases. So, in other words, beyond a certain point, we have to rule out blind luck as an explanation and attribute an improbable event to design guided by some intelligence. That would be the “Universal Probability Bound.” Dembski suggests that this should be any odds around 1 in 10^150. This is what he calls the number of “probabilistic resources.” This is based on the number of possible events in the universe. And when he says “events,” he’s using the most minimal definition possible. It is the maximum number of times that all the elementary particles in the universe could have reacted with energy!

Now on to the post –

“Here’s the fundamental dishonesty: None of those numbers have *anything* to do with what he’s supposedly trying to prove. He’s trying to create a formal-sounding version of the big-number problem by throwing together a bunch of fancy-sounding numbers, multiplying them together, and claiming that they somehow suddenly have meaning. But they don’t. It’s actually remarkably easy to show what utter nonsense this is. I’ll do a fancy one first, and a trivial one second.”

Rather, MarkCC has not understood Dembski’s argument. As the second example is easier to understand, we’ll start with that one.

“Grab two decks of distinguishable cards. Shuffle them together, and lay them out for a game of spider solitaire. What’s the probability of that particular lay of cards? 104! , or, very roughly, something larger than 1×10166. Is god personally arranging my cards every time I play spider? Anyone who’s ever taken any class on probability *knows* this stuff.”

The blogger has missed Dembski’s point. Yes, the odds of ANY one sequence with two decks of cards is 1 in 10^166, but what Dembski is looking for is a SPECIFIC sequence. To put it another way, what MarkCC must do to falsify Dembski’s point is either to 1) Predict a specific sequence of 104 cards or 2) Shuffle the cards randomly twice, and get them in the same sequence each time. The odds of that happening are indeed 1 in 10^166, but the percent chance of getting another result is 99.9999999999%, carried out to 164 decimal places. In other words, a non-specific sequence is virtually certain, and a specific one is virtually impossible.

One commenter named Corkscrew notes this, but then goes on to say,

Of course, this presents two further problems. Firstly, as you’ve mentioned before, the whole concept of specification is complete bollocks. AFAICT it basically boils down to how cool something looks – if it makes Dembski go “whoa…” it’s specified.

This is actually kind of humorous, as this very statement is itself an example of a specification. I don’t say that because it made me go “Whoa,” but because it’s recognizable as an English sentence. What would Corkscrew think if I said “I can’t tell if a person actually wrote this. Perhaps they’re just random letters generated by a computer”? And as we noted before, written sentences are a valid analogy to the coding required in DNA and proteins.

“Secondly, the whole concept of probabilistic resources is completely borked. It assumes a discrete universe. We do not live in a discrete universe. It assumes that every configuration has effectively the same chance of appearing. This is blatant bull.”

This is true enough – but that is only relevant if the bases that make DNA and the amino acids that makeup proteins are significantly (to an astronomical degree) more likely to group together in ways that make them actually function than not. Corkscrew does not provide any evidence that this is the case. And as we shall see that, in fact, Dembski’s estimation of probabilistic resources available to get life from non-life is far too generous.

Now, let’s move onto his “fancy” example –

“Let’s create an incredibly simplified model of a region of space. Let’s say we have a cube of space, 1 kilometer on a side. Further, let’s suppose that this space contains 1000 particles, and they are all electrons. And further, let’s suppose that each 1mm cube in this cubic kilometer can only have one electron in it.”

He goes on to calculate the number of possible configurations of these particles as 10^5232, way more than Dembski’s probability bound. He asks,

“So what Dembski is saying is that *every* possible configuration of matter in space in the entire universe is impossible without intelligent intervention.”

That isn’t at all what Dembski is saying. In fact, this moves us on to the next point of the ID argument. The number of possible combinations greatly outweigh the possible number of trials. As it relates to life forms, the late astronomer Fred Hoyle calculated that there are 10^40,000 amino acid combinations for the complete set of 2,000 actual known enzyme proteins that exist [3]– and this is just one of many features of life that need to appear. It isn’t that God is necessary to arrange any possible sequence of these amino acids. The problem is there are only 10^150 possible events. If each event was a complete trial arranging different combinations of amino acids, we still wouldn’t come close to finding the very few specific sequences that can form life.

But it’s actually much worse than that for three reasons –

1) Each event is only what one elementary particle does with energy. When molecules form, quite a few particles are involved – and each one would consume at least one event, reducing the number of available trials to form life.

2) In reality, no one believes that a cell or group of proteins came together all at once, but that these things formed via a step-by-step process. But a step-by-step process would take many events. This would also reduce the number of trials.

3) There are plenty of environments, such as the air that you are breathing, or the sun, that are not at all conducive to forming any of the building blocks of life. This reduces the number of trials even further.

Once these misunderstandings have been cleared up, Dembski’s argument stands.

Notes

[1] Meyer, Steven. Darwin’s Doubt, p. 180

[2] The calculation is 27 ^21 = 1.14 * 10^30.

[3] “Hoyle on Evolution” Nature, Nov. 12, 1981 p.105

 


Brent Hardaway is a Financial Analyst living in the Tampa, FL area. Originally from Northern CA, he has a B.S. in Accounting from San Diego State University and a Certificate in Christian Apologetics from Biola University. He is an avid baseball and football fan, and enjoys reading and playing golf in his spare time.

Original Blog Source:  http://bit.ly/2NzlYHx

By Brian Chilton

Recientemente estaba conversando con un amigo mío que estaba encaprichado con una persona que no necesariamente compartía los mismos sentimientos. De hecho, no era algo claro lo que la otra persona en realidad deseaba en la relación. No mencionaré más acerca de esta situación por respeto a los involucrados. Esta situación ha causado que piense bastante acerca del amor, qué es y qué es lo que implica. Me parece que para que el verdadero amor sea genuino debe ser recíproco. Eso es que, debe ser aceptado por ambos individuos en la relación. Podemos aprender bastante acerca del amor desde la relación trinitaria de Dios.

I. El amor es recíproco en la relación trinitaria.

Cuando intentamos explicar la naturaleza trinitaria de Dios, Norman Geisler usa el ejemplo del espíritu de amor genuino para explicar este difícil concepto teológico. La ilustración de Geisler no es original de él, la tomó de Agustín de Hipona. Lo siguiente es la representación de Geisler del amor en la relación trinitaria de Dios:

Agustín sugirió una ilustración de cómo Dios es uno y tres al mismo tiempo. La Biblia nos dice que “Dios es amor” (1 Juan 4:16). El amor incluye un amante, un amado y un espíritu de amor entre el amante y el amado. El Padre podría ser comparado con el amante, el Hijo con el que es amado y el Espíritu Santo es el espíritu de amor. Sin embargo, el amor no existiría a menos que estos tres sean como uno solo. Esta ilustración tiene la ventaja de ser personal ya que incluye al amor, una característica que fluye solo de personas”[1].

Viendo que Dios es amor (1 Jn 4:16), la relación entre el Padre, el Hijo y el Espíritu Santo es una demostración del amor perfecto en su forma más pura. El amor no es forzado. El amor es aceptado y fluye de una persona a otra. Hay un amante —el que inicia el romance, el amado —el que recibe el amor del amante, y el espíritu de amor —el amor recibido mutuamente entre las dos partes. En el caso de la relación trinitaria, el amor es dado mutuamente y recibido por los tres miembros de la Deidad. Podemos aprender bastante acerca del amor a través de Dios.

II. El amor es recíproco en las relaciones humanas.

Dios es la perfecta demostración de amor como pudimos notar en la sección anterior. El ejemplo de amor de la Trinidad se transfiere a sanas relaciones amorosas humanas. ¿Cómo así? Las relaciones sanas incluyen a dos personas que se aman mutuamente. Consideremos un ejemplo hipotético de una persona A (lo llamaremos Adán) y una persona B (la llamaremos Bárbara). Digamos que Adán ama a Bárbara y expresa su amor hacia ella. Sin embargo, Bárbara no ama a Adán. Adán trata y trata de que Bárbara lo ame, pero ella no corresponde a sus emociones. ¿Es esto verdadero amor? ¡Por supuesto que no! El amor de Adán no es recíproco.

Consideremos otro caso. Digamos que Bárbara ama a Adán, pero Adán no siente lo mismo. Bárbara manipula a Adán para iniciar una relación. Se llegan a casar, pero Adán nunca tuvo los mismos sentimientos que tiene Bárbara hacia él. Esta relación no es una basada en el amor, sino en el control y la manipulación. El verdadero amor tiene que ser recíproco.

Para que el amor de Adán y Bárbara sea genuino, Adán debe expresar su amor hacia Bárbara. Bárbara debe recibir su amor. Entonces, Bárbara expresará su amor hacia Adán y su amor será recibido abiertamente. Esta relación hipotética nos muestra cómo el verdadero amor requiere un amante (el que envía amor), un amado (el que recibe el amor), y un mutuo espíritu de amor entre los dos.

III. El amor es recíproco en las relaciones humanas/divinas

Desde que el amor genuino es visto en la eterna relación trinitaria de Dios y que el verdadero amor es recíproco entre dos individuos conscientes, entonces solo tiene sentido que Dios nos inculca su amor no a la fuerza, sino por reciprocidad. Es decir, Dios ofrece libremente su amor a individuos. Él no fuerza su amor a alguien. Recuerda, ¡el amor forzado no es amor genuino! Dios dice a través de su profeta Ezequiel, “¿quiero yo la muerte del impío?… ¿no vivirá si se apartare de sus caminos?” (Eze. 18:23)[2]. Jesús dice que “y como Moisés levantó la serpiente en el desierto, así es necesario que el Hijo del Hombre sea levantado, para que todo aquel que en Él cree, no se pierda, mas tenga vida eterna” (Jn 3:14-15). En este caso, Dios es el amante, y los seres humanos son los amados. Pero, el verdadero amor debe ser recíproco.

¿Pueden los individuos buscar a Dios por su propia cuenta? ¡Absolutamente no! La gracia de Dios debe ser extendida hacia ellos primero. Esta verdad es vista en la descripción de Jesús del ministerio del Espíritu Santo. Jesús muestra que el Espíritu Santo “convencerá al mundo de pecado, de justicia y de juicio. De pecado, por cuanto no creen en mí; de justicia, por cuanto voy al padre, y no me veréis más; y de juicio, por cuanto el príncipe de este mundo ha sido ya juzgado” (Jn 16:8-11). En este caso, vemos que Dios es el amante, los seres humanos son los amados y el espíritu trabajando para producir este amor es el Espíritu Santo. El amor forzado no es amor. Dios no fuerza a una persona para la salvación. Él dá su amor libremente y su amor debe ser libremente recibido, sino, no es verdadero amor.

Conclusión

Cuando aconsejo parejas que están planeando casarse, siempre les digo que, si ellos quieren amarse el uno a el otro, deben primero conocer a Dios porque Dios es amor. Porque Dios es amor y demuestra el amor perfecto, no debería sorprendernos descubrir que el amor exuda en las relaciones humanas cuando imita el amor de Dios. Los sistemas teológicos necesitan también aceptar este entendimiento del amor. El amor genuino debe tener un amante, un amado y el espíritu de amor. Sino, una relación podría existir, pero no seria una relación de amor verdadero.

Notes

[1] Norman L. Geisler, “Trinity”, Enciclopedia Baker de apologética cristiana, referencia librería Baker (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker books, 1999), 733.

[2] A menos que se indique lo contrario, todas las citas bíblicas son de Christian Standard Bible (Nashville: Holman, 2017).

 


Brian G. Chilton es el fundador de BellatorChristi.com y es el presentador de The Bellator Christi Podcast. Recibió su Maestría en Divinidad en Liberty University (con alta distinción); su Licenciatura en Ciencias en Estudios Religiosos y Filosofía de la Universidad Gardner-Webb (con honores); y recibió la certificación en Christian Apologetics (Apologética cristiana) de la Universidad de Biola. Brian actualmente está inscrito en el programa Ph.D. en Teología y apologética en Liberty University. Brian ha estado en el ministerio por más de 15 años y sirve como pastor en el noroeste de Carolina del Norte.

Blog Original: http://bit.ly/2ri6wqu

Traducido por Italo Espinoza Gomez

Editado por María Andreina Cerrada